语言学教学大纲.docx
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语言学教学大纲.docx
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语言学教学大纲
语言学课程简介
现代语言学课程是我院外语系英语专业本科阶段的一门专业限选课。
现代语言学研究始于20世纪初,其目的是要揭示人类语言的本质及其深层结构,对语言和语交际做出客观、科学的描述。
语言学作为一门社会科学,在国外是20世纪50年代以来发展最快、变化最大的学科之一。
在过去的五、六十年中,西方国家在语言学领域新说纷呈,建树颇多,其影响遍及哲学、心理学、社会学、教育学、人类学、考古学、通信技术、人工智能等学科。
语言学家对语言的研究从语言的物质外壳——语音开始,进而对它的结构和意义加以研究,从语言的抽象意义进而研究语言在交际中体现的具体意义,从而形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系列分支学科;语言学研究和社会学、心理学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学和心理语言学这样的交叉学科;对语言理论在语言教学中的应用所进行的研究又导致了应用语言学的产生,语言和文化关系密切,对语言的研究不可避免地导致对文化以及对语言和文化两者相互关系的研究,等等。
因此语言学实际上是一个研究面十分宽广的领域,多年来世界各国语言学家的共同努力为这一领域带来了丰硕的成果,积累了大量文献。
在我们国家,虽然像王力、高铭恺等前辈从四、五十年代起就对西方的语言理论有所介绍,但由于种种原因,这门学科的意义直到10年动乱后才引起语言学界的足够重视,于是自1980年以来,国内各院校的英语专业相继开设了以英语讲授的各种语言学课程,最普遍的首推“普通语言学”和“语言学导论”。
我院外语系自1989起在英语专业本科四年级开设语言学课程,定为专业限选课。
对于主修语言的学生而言,对人类语言具备一定的理性认识,懂得一些语言学的知识和语言理论是完全有必要的,因此,我院外语系一直以来都十分重视语言学这门课程的建设,课程改革。
由于这门课程基本上是一门知识性的课程,需要学生记忆的内容比较多,所以强调在学习过程中要注意抓重点,着重掌握有关的基本概念和基本理论,在理解、消化的基础上记忆,不要死记硬背。
目前语言学这门课程也越来越受到学生的重视,因参加研究生考试的学生正在逐年增加。
我院外语系语言学这门课程所教授的对象是英语专业的学生,因此我们在讲解过程中基本全部采用英语的例子。
这些例子有助于学生们理解理论阐述,得到启发。
反过来,我们要求学生应能结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释有关理论,以达到理论与实践相结合,全面提高学生的外语能力,以期为学生本科毕业后继续深造或者从事英语教学奠定坚实的基础。
课堂讨论资料:
I.Linguistic:
1.Whatdoyouthinkabouttheimportanceofstudyinglinguistics?
2.Whatislanguage?
Whatarethedifferencesbetweenhumanlanguageandthesystemofanimalcommunication?
3.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenlanguageandparole,competenceandperformance?
4.How,inyouropinion,canwedistinguishcompoundsfromfreephrases?
5.Howtodefinemorphemes?
Howmanykindsofmorphemescanbeclassified?
Andwhatarethedifferencesbetweenfreeandboundmorphemes,inflexionalandderivationalmorphemes,rootandstern?
6.WhatisICA?
Whatareitsadvantagesanddisadvantages?
7.Whatisthesemantictriangle?
8.How,inyouropinion,canwedistinguishthecompletehomonymsfromthepolysemicwords?
9.Whatisaconversationalimplication?
How,inyouropinion,canweinferwhatthespeakerintendsfromwhathesays?
10.Howdoesalanguageundergosemanticchange?
II.Phonetics:
1.Whatistheroleofphoneticsinmodernscience?
2.Whatarethemainbranchesofphonetics?
Whataspectsofspeechsoundsdotheystudy?
3.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenphoneticsandphonology?
4.Whatarethemainsourcesofhumanspeechsounds?
5.How,inyouropinion,canwedistinguishvowelsfromconsonants?
Doyouagreewiththeairstreamtheory?
Why?
6.Howareconsonantsandvowelclassified?
7.Whatarephone,phonemeandallophone?
Whatarethedifference?
8.WhatarethedifferencesofthefunctionofpitchinEnglishbetweenthatinChinese?
9.Whataresuprasegmentalphonemes?
WhataretheirfunctionsinEnglish?
10.Statesomerulesinphonology.
《英语语言学》教学大纲
一、教学目标
主要以英语为例,全面地向学生介绍语言学的基础知识,从而使学生系统地了解语言(特别是英语)的语音、文字、词汇、语法、语义等主要方面,把握语言与语境、语言与文化、语言与文学、语言与教学等各种关系,并提高对语言的重要性的认识。
二、教学要求
通过本课程的教学,要求学生基本掌握语言学及其分支学科的基本观点、理论和方法,不仅了解语音学、音系学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等核心分支的内容,而且还要熟悉社会语言学、心理语言学及语言与文化、文字、计算机及外语教学的关系,形成对语言和语言学的系统认识。
三、教学内容
Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics
Teachingaims:
letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutlanguageandlinguistics.
Teachingdifficulties:
designfeaturesoflanguage;someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics
Teachingprocedures
1.language
1.1Whatislanguage?
designfeaturesoflanguage语言的结构特征
1.2functionsoflanguage
2.linguistics
2.1Whatislinguistics?
2.2Mainbranches(scope)oflinguistics
phonetics语音学----thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.
phonology音系学(音位学)
morphology词法学
syntax句法学
semantics语义学
pragmatics语用学
2.2Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics
a.Descriptivevs.prescriptive“描写式”和“规定式”
Theyrepresenttwodifferenttypesoflinguisticstudy.Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.
b.Synchronicvs.diachronic“共时”和“历时”
Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyisahistoricalstudy;itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.
c.langue&parole“语言”和“言语”
ThedistinctionwasmadebytheSwisslinguistSaussureintheearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.
Whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.
d.Competenceandperformance语言能力和语言运用
ThedistinctionisdiscussedbytheAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’s.
Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
e.Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics
ModernlinguisticsstartedwiththepublicationofF.deSaussure’sbook“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”intheearly20thcentury.SoSaussureisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”.Thegeneralapproachtraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguagebeforethatisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Theydifferinseveralbasicways:
Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Alinguistisinterestedinwhatissaid,notinwhathethinksoughttobesaid.Hedescribeslanguageinallitsaspects,butdoesnotprescriberulesof“correctness”.
Secondly,modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendtoemphasize,maybeover-emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofitspermanence.
Then,modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.Tomodernlinguists,itisunthinkabletojudgeonelanguagebystandardsofanother.Theyaretryingtosetupauniversalframework,butthatwouldbebasedonthefeaturessharedbymostofthelanguagesusedbymankind.
Homework
QuestionsandExercises1,4,6,12
Self-studyguide
Read“ANewConciseCourseOnLinguisticsForStudentsOfEnglish”
Chapter1Introduction
Chapter2SpeechSounds
Teachingaims:
letthestudentshavethegeneralideaaboutphoneticsandphonology.
Focalpoints:
descriptionofconsonantsandvowels;basicknowledgeaboutphonology
Teachingdifficulties:
phoneme;allophone;minimalpair;complementarydistribution
Teachingprocedure
1.Phonetics
1.1Speechproductionandperception
3sub-branchesofphonetics:
Articulatorphonetics----thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds
Acousticphonetics----thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech
Auditoryphonetics----thestudyoftheperceptionofspeechsounds
1.2Speechorgans(vocalorgans)
referstothepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.
Thearticulatorapparatusofahumanbeingcontains3importantareas:
thepharynx(thethroat),theoralcavity(themouth),andthenasalcavity(thenose).Theair-streamcomingfromthelungsismodifiedinvariouswaysinthesecavities,resultingintheproductionofvarioussounds.
·Thepharyngealcavity
Speechsoundsareproducedwithanair-streamastheirsourceofenergy.Theair-streamcomesfromthelungsandthenpassesbronchiintotrachea.Atthetopofthetracheaisthelarynx,thefrontofwhichistheAdam’sapple.Thisisthefirstplacewheresoundmodificationmightoccur(lyingacrossglottis),Thelarynxcontainstwopairsofstructure;oneofwhichisvocalfolds(vocalcords).Vocalcordsaretwomembranes,thevibrationofwhichgivesthequalityofvoicingtothesoundsproduced.
●Whenthevocalcordsareapart,theaircanpassthrougheasilyandthesoundproducedissaidtobevoiceless.Consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway
●Whentheyareclosetogether,theairstreamscausesthemtovibrateandproducesvoicedsounds.e.g.[b,z,d]
●Whentheyaretotallyclosed,noaircanpassbetweenthem,thenproducetheglottalstop[?
]
Theoralcavity
Theoralcavityprovidesthegreatestsourceofmodification.Themainplacesevolvedarethetongue,theuvula,thesoftpalate,theteethridge,theteethandthelips.ofallthese,thetongueisthemostflexible.Variousobstructionscreatedwithintheoralcavityleadtotheproductionofvarioussounder[p][b];[s][z];[k][g]
Thenasalcavity
Thenasalcavityisconnectedtotheoralcavityatthebackofthemouth.Thesoftpartoftheroofofthemouth,thevelum,(softpalate)canbedrawbacktoclosethepassagesothattheaircanonlygothroughthemouthandproducevowelsandmostconsonants.Thepassagecanalsobeleftopentoallowairtoexitthroughthenoseandproducenasalconsonants[m][n][g]
1.3phonetictranscription
amethodofwritingdownspeechsoundsinasystematicandconsistentway.
●IPA(InternationalphoneticAlphabet)
TheideawasfirstproposedbytheDanishgrammarianJespersenin1886.
ThefirstversionofIPAwaspublishedinAugust1888.
Thelatestversionwasdevisedin1993andcorrectedin1996.
Withminormodifications,phoneticiansandlinguistsnowstilluseIPA.
ThebasicprincipleofIPAisusingadifferentletterforeachdistinguishablespeechsound
●Twowaystotranscribespeechsounds
Broadtranscription:
transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.
It’snormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.
Narrowtranscription:
transcriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacrtics.Thisisthetranscriptionrequiredandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstud
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