矿井通风毕业设计外文翻译全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状.docx
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矿井通风毕业设计外文翻译全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状.docx
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矿井通风毕业设计外文翻译全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状
附录
附录A:
英文翻译(原文)
Statusofworldwidecoalminemethaneemissionsanduse
Abstract:
Undergroundcoalminesworldwideliberateanestimated29–41×109m3ofmethaneannually,ofwhichlessthan2.3×109m3areusedasfuel.Theremainingmethaneisemittedtotheatmosphere,representingthelossofavaluableenergyresource.Methaneisalsoamajorgreenhousegasandisthusdetrimentaltotheenvironmentwhenventedtotheatmosphere.Coalminemethanerecoveryanduserepresentsacost-effectivemeansofsignificantlyreducingmethaneemissionsfromcoalmining,whileincreasingminesafetyandimprovingmineeconomics.
Theworld’stenlargestcoalproducersareresponsiblefor90%ofglobalmethaneemissionsassociatedwiththecoalfuelcycle.Chinaisthelargestemitterofcoalminemethane,followedbytheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,orCISparticularlyRussia,UkraineandKazakhstan,theUnitedStates,Poland,Germany,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdom,Australia,IndiaandtheCzechRepublic.Mostofthesecountriesuseaportionofthemethanethatisliberatedfromtheircoalmines,buttheutilizationratetendstobelowandsomecountriesusenoneatall.Coalminemethaneiscurrentlyusedforavarietyofpurposes.Methaneisusedforheatingandcookingatmanyminefacilitiesandnearbyresidences.Itisalsousedtofuelboilers,togenerateelectricity,directlyheatairformineventilationsystemsandforcoaldrying.SeveralminesintheUnitedStatessellhigh-qualityminegastonaturalgasdistributors.Thereareseveralbarrierstodecreasingmethaneemissionsbyincreasingcoalminemethaneuse.Manyofthesamebarriersarecommontoanumberofthesubjectcountries.Technicalbarriersincludelow-permeabilitycoals;variableorlowgasquality,variationsingassupplyandemandandlackofinfrastructure.
Economicandinstitutionalbarriersincludelackofinformationpertinenttodevelopmentoftheresource,lackofcapitalandlownaturalgasprices.Apossibleoptionforencouragingcoalminemethanerecoveryandusewouldbeinternationaladoptionofatraceablepermitsystemformethaneemissions.
Keywords:
coalbedmethane;globalwarming;coalmining;naturalgas
1Introduction
Inrecentyears,coalbedmethanehasgainedattentionasasaleablenaturalgasresource.Methanecanbeextractedeitherfromcoalseamswhichwillneverundergomining,oritcanbeproducedasapartofthecoalminingprocess.Thispaperfocusesonmethanewhichisproducedinconjunctionwithcoalminingoperations(coalminemethane).AccordingtotheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA,1994a),undergroundcoalminesliberateanestimated29to41×109m3ofmethaneannually,ofwhichlessthan2.3×109m3areusedasfuel.Theremainingmethaneisventedtotheatmosphere,representingthelossofavaluableenergyresource.Thispaperexaminesthepotentialforrecoveringandusingthemethanewhichiscurrentlybeingemittedfromcoalmines.
Therearethreeprimaryreasonsforrecoveringcoalminemethane.Thefirstreasonistoincreaseminesafety.Worldwide,therehavebeenthousandsofrecordedfatalitiesfromundergroundmineexplosionsinwhichmethanewasacontributingfactor.Usingmethanedrainagesystems,minescanreducethemethaneconcentrationintheirventilationair,ultimatelyreducingventilationrequirements.
Thesecondreasonistoimprovemineeconomics.Byreducingemissionsandpreventingexplosionsandoutbursts,methanedrainagesystemscancosteffectivelyreducetheamountoftimethatthecoalminemustcurtailproduction.Moreover,recoveredmethanecanbeusedeitherasfuelattheminesiteorsoldtootherusers.
Thethirdreasonforcoalbedmethanerecoveryanduseisthatitbenefitstheglobalandlocalenvironment.Methaneisamajorgreenhousegasandissecondinglobalimpactonlytocarbondioxide;methanethusisdetrimentaltotheenvironmentifventedtotheatmosphere.Althoughtheamountofcarbondioxideaccumulatingintheatmosphereeachyearisordersofmagnitudelargerthanthatofmethane,eachadditionalgramofmethanereleasedtotheatmosphereisasmuchas22timesmoreeffectiveinpotentiallywarmingtheEarth’ssurfaceovera100-yearperiodthaneachadditionalgramofcarbondioxide(USEPA,1994a).Comparedwithothergreenhousegases,methanehasarelativelyshortatmosphericlifetime.Thelifetimeofmethane(definedasitsatmosphericcontentdividedbyitsrateofremoval)isapproximately10years.Duetoitsshortlifetime,stabilizingmethaneemissionscanhaveadramaticimpactondecreasingthebuildupofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.
Coalminemethanerecoveryanduserepresentacost-effectivemeansofsignificantlyreducingmethaneemissionsfromcoalmines.Methane,moreover,isaremarkablycleanfuel.Methanecombustionproducesnosulfurdioxideorparticulatesandonlyhalftheamountofcarbondioxidethatisassociatedwithcoalcombustiononanenergyequivalentbasis.
Becauseoftheenvironmentalimpactofcoalminemethaneemissions,theUSEPA,theInternationalEnergyAgency’sCoalAdvisoryBoard(CIAB),andothershaveinvestigatedmethaneemissionsfromcoalminingworldwide.TheUSEPA(1994a)estimatesthatthecoalfuelcycle(whichincludescoalmining,post-miningcoaltransportationandhandling,andcoalcombustion)emits35to59×109m3ofmethanetotheatmosphereannually.Table1showsmethaneemissionsfromtheworld’stenlargestcoalproducers,whichareresponsiblefor90%ofglobalmethaneemissionsassociatedwiththecoalfuelcycle.Undergroundcoalminingistheprimarysourceoftheseemissions,accountingfor70to95%oftotalemissions.
Therearemanyopportunitiesfordecreasingcoalminemethaneemissionsbyincreasingrecoveryofthisabundantfuel.Section2examinesthestatusofmethanerecoveryanduseinkeycountriesworldwide.
2Coalminemethanerecoveryanduseinselectedcountries
2.1China
ThePeoplesRepublicofChina(China)producesabout1.2×109rawtonsofhardcoalannually(EIA,1996).In1990,coalminingactivitiesinChinaemittedanestimated14to24×109m3(10to16×106ton)ofmethanetotheatmosphere,contributingone-thirdoftheworld’stotalfromthissource.NotonlyisChinathelargestcoalproducerintheworld;itisuniqueinthatundergroundminesproduceover95%ofthenation’scoal.BecauseofthegreatdepthandhighrankofChina’scoals,undergroundcoalmineshavehighermethaneemissionsthansurfacemines.
Therearecurrently108CoalMiningAdministrations(CMAs)inChina,whichmanagemorethan650mines.Thesestate-ownedminesareresponsibleformostofChina’smethaneemissions,buttherearenumerousgassylocal,township,andprivateminesthatcumulativelyproduceoverone-halfofChina’scoal.However,thesenon-statesownedminesarenotgassy(InternationalEnergyAgencyorIEA,1994).
2.1.1MethanerecoveryanduseinChina
Chinahasalonghistoryofcoalminemethanedrainage,andthevolumeofmethanedrainedhasincreasedmarkedlyduringthepastdecade.Nationwide,coalminemethanedrainageatstate-runminesnearlydoubledin14years,increasingfrom294×106m3in1980tomorethan561×106m3in1994.However,thisisstilllessthan11%ofthetotalmethaneliberatedannually.Approximately131state-ownedminescurrentlyhavemethanedrainagesystems.Lessthanone-halfoftheseminesaresetuptodistributeanduserecoveredmethane.China’sstate-runcoalminingadministrationsuseabout70%ofthemethanetheydrain(USEPA,1996a).
MostofthemethanerecoveredfromChineseminesisusedforheatingandcookingatminefacilitiesandnearbyresidences.Methaneisalsousedforindustrialpurposes,intheglassandplasticsindustries,andasafeedstockfortheproductionofcarbonblack(anamorphousformofcarbonusedinpigmentsandprinter’sink).Methaneisalsobeingused,toalesserextent,forpowergeneration.In1990,theLaohutaiMineattheFushunCoalMiningAdministrationbuilta1200kWmethane-firedpowerstation,thefirstinChina.
SeveralbarrierscurrentlypreventChinafromdevelopingeconomicmethanerecoveryfromcoalminingtoitsfullpotential.Criticalbarriersincludethelackofanappropriatepolicyframework,limitedcapitalforprojectinvestmentsandequipment,theneedforadditionalinformationandexperiencewithtechnologiesandthelackofawidespreadpipelinenetwork.Artificiallyregulatedlowgaspricesanddifficultywithrepatriationofprofits,createbarrierstoforeigninvestmentinjointventuresforproductionofdomesticenergyresources(USEPA,1993).
2.1.2ThefutureofmethanedevelopmentinChina
Recognizingtheneedforaunifiedeffortinadvancingcoalbedmethanedevelopment,China’shighestgoverningbody,theStateCouncil,establishedtheChinaUnitedCoalbedMethaneCompany(ChinaCBM)inMay1996.Asasingle,trans-sectoralagency,ChinaCBMisresponsiblefordevelopingthecoalbedmethaneindustrybycommercializingtheexploration,development,marketing,transportationandutilizationofcoalbedmethane.TheStateCouncilhasalsograntedChinaCBMexclusiverightstoundertaketheexploration,developmentandproductionofcoalbedmethaneincoopera-tionwithforeignpartners(ChinaEnergyReport,1996).
Morethan20coalbedmethaneprojectsareunderwayorplannedinChina,andatleasthalfofthemaretakingplaceatactiveminingareas.Someoftheprojectsarestate-sponsored,whileothersinvolvejointventureswithforeigncompanies.ThefutureofthecoalbedmethaneindustryinChinaappearsbright.Thegovernmentrecognizescoalbedmethane’spotentialformeetingthenation’sburgeoningenergyneedsandisgenerallysupportiveofeffortst
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