经济全球化背景下波兰及其他欧盟国家工业结构调整.docx
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经济全球化背景下波兰及其他欧盟国家工业结构调整.docx
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经济全球化背景下波兰及其他欧盟国家工业结构调整
经济全球化背景下波兰及其他欧盟国家工业结构调整
摘要:
该文章的目的是分析波兰以及其他欧盟国家产业结构的变化。
研究的内容包括:
经济转型时工业在波兰经济中角色的转变、欧洲一体化和全球化对就业结构和生产性固定资产总值的增值、波兰产业的分支结构以及出口结构的变化、外资对企业的影响及其在波兰产业重组中的作用。
关键词:
欧洲联盟,全球化,产业结构调整,波兰,产业结构
原文:
IndustrialrestructuringinPolandandotherEuropeanUnionstatesintheeraofeconomicglobalization
Abstract
TheaimofthepaperistoanalyzechangesinindustryinPolandwithrespecttochangesinotherEuropeanUnionmemberstates.Theresearchproblemsinclude:
thechangingroleofindustryinthePolisheconomyintheeraofeconomictransformation,Europeanintegrationbasedandglobalizationonitsshareoftheemploymentstructureandgrossvaluedadded,changesinthebranchstructureofPolishindustryaswellasexportsasanexpressionofrestructuringprocesses,influenceofforeigncapitalonthefunctioningofindustrialenterprisesanditsroleinthere-structuringofPolishindustry.
Keywords:
EuropeanUnion,globalization,industrialrestructuring,Poland,structureofindustry
Natureofrestructuringprocesses
Whileanexhaustivediscussionoftheconceptofrestructuringisnotthepurposeofthispaper,itisworthnotingthatmostresearchersinthefieldagreethatrestructuringisnotanunambiguousconceptandmaybeunderstoodindifferentways[16,17,18,19,20,21].Intheliterature,itiscommonlyacceptedthatthereexisttwodifferentapproachestothisissue:
1)amacroscaleapproachbasedonthenationaleconomy,and2)amicroscaleapproachbasedonenterprises[22,23].
Someresearchers[19]havealsoidentifiedsomethingknownasmeso-restructuring,whichviewsindustrybranchandregionalstructuresfromamiddlepointofview–somewherebetweenmicro-andmacro-restructuring.Changesinindustrialstructureonamacro-andmeso-economicscaletakeplaceasaresultofchangesinthefunctioningofindividualindustrialenterprises.Suchenterprisesaretreatedasbasicelementsofspatialformsofindustrialconcentration.Hence,itisimportanttoidentifythenatureofrestructuringonamicroscale(enterpriselevel).Inawell-establishedmarketeconomy,restructuringmaybedefinedasaprocessofradicalchangeinthevariouspartsofanenterprisedesignedtoadaptthegivenenterprisetoexistingandanticipatedconditionsinordertohelpitgrow.
InPoland,industrialrestructuringisuniquelydifferentasthecountryisstillundergoinganeconomictransformationprocess.Forthisreason,restructuringinPolandislooselydefinedintheresearchliteratureasaprocessofadjustingbusinessoperationstothedemandsofamarketeconomy[20].Manyresearchers[18,19]believethatrestructuringoughttofulfillatleastthreerequirements:
1)shouldbebasedonadeliberateeffort,2)shouldbeimplementedbasedonaspecificprogram,and3)theimplementationprocessshouldbebasedonappropriatemechanismsandeconomicpolicy.Hence,noteverychangeinthefunctioningofabusinessenterprisemaybelabeledrestructuring.Adetailedanalysisofthepurpose,course,andeffectsofindustrialrestructuringinPolandhasbeenperformedinearlierresearch[7,8].
Fromageographicpointofview,thepaperutilizesthedefinitionsetforthbyM.Tkocz[22]whereindustrialrestructuringisdefinedasalongcontinuousprocessthatleadstoadeliberateshiftinthebranchstructureofindustry.Theshiftinvolvesdifferenttypesoflegalandfinancialinstruments.Restructuringissaidtoincludechangesinownership,organization,technology,andlocation.Theemploymentprofilechangesaswellinordertoincreasetheeffectiveness,innovativeness,andcompetitivenessofindustryonaninternationalscale.
GlobaldeterminantsofindustrialrestructuringinPoland
TheprocessofrestructuringinPolandisaffectedbyavarietyofdeterminantsthatcanbeclassifiedasinternationalanddomestic.Economictriggersoriginatingabroadareassociatedwithbroadlydefinedeconomicglobalizationprocesses,whichinclude:
•concentrationofcapitalandtheassociatedincreaseinthesignificanceofglobalcorporationsintheglobaleconomyaswellasincreasedcompetitivepressureintheglobalmarketplace[24,25,26]
•integrationofstatesandregions–inthecaseofPoland,EUintegrationisakeyissue,
•changesingoals,motives,directions,andmagnitudeofforeigndirectinvestmentandtheirincreasingroleinsocialandeconomicdevelopment[10,27,28]leadingtotherelocationofindustrialenterprisesacrosstheworld;otherissuesincludethe“externalization”ofeconomicactivityintheformofoutsourcing,offshoring,spin-offs[29,30],
•rapidtechnologicalprogress,especiallyinthefieldofinformationtechnology,automation,andcomputerizationofproductionprocesses,
•increasingroleofknowledgeintheeconomy,increasingtheimportanceofadvancedR&Dandinnovation[14,31],
•increasingroleoftheserviceindustry,a“softer”industrystructure,andanincreasingroleofsmallandmidsizemanufacturingenterprises[16,32,33],
•shorterproductlifecyclesandagradualtransitionfromeconomiesofscaletoeconomiesofvariety.
Aneweconomicenvironmenthasemergedinthelastthreeyears(2008-2010)whereaglobalfinancialcrisishasproducedaneconomicdownturn.Anumberofgovernments,includingEUgovernments,aswellasotherinternationalinstitutionshavestruggledtocounteractthesocialandeconomiceffectsofthefinancialcrisis.Itmustbenoted,however,thatnotenoughtimehaspassedsincethecrisisinordertothoroughlyevaluatetheimpactofthecrisisonstructuralchangesinindustry.Theindustrialsectorischaracterizedbyacertaintypeofstructuralinertiathatresultsfromitsrelianceoncapital-intensiveandtime-intensiveinvestmentprocesses.Itcannotbeexpectedthattherecenteconomicrecessionwouldhaveproducedmajorchangesinindustryintermsofitsbranchstructureandgeography.
InthecaseofPolandandothercountriesundergoingsystemtransformation,domesticissuesarejustasimportantasglobalissues.DomesticshiftsineconomicmanagementsystemsaswellastheopeningofthePolishmarkettoforeigncompanies,goods,andcapitalalsoplayakeyrole.OtherissuesthataffectindustrialrestructuringinPolandincludenationaleconomicpolicywhoserolecanbeobservedintermsofnewlegalinstruments(compliancewithEUeconomicpolicy),nationalindustrialpolicy,whichincludestheprivatizationofstateenterprises,creationofspecialeconomiczones,andtheimplementationofrestructuringstrategiesacrossavarietyofsectorsofindustry.
Employmentinindustryandgrossvalueadded
Ananalysisoftheshareofindustrialjobsintotalemploymentfrom1995to2007indicatesthattheroleofthesectorisslowlybutsystematicallyshrinking(Fig.1).Theindustrialandconstructionsectorhascontractedfrom31.2%to29.0%between1995and2007.Industryinitselfhascontractedfrom25.5%to23.1%(sectionsC,D,andEbasedonNACE1.1).Twophasesofchangehavebeenidentified:
1)1995-2001,aperiodwithalargedecrease(upto20.8%)intheshareofindustrialjobsintotalemployment,and2)2002-2007,aperiodofasmallrebound.
Itmustbenoted,however,thatthisrecentreboundcanbelargelyattributedtoarecalculationofthenumberofagriculturaljobsbasedontheNationalCensus.Thereboundwasaproductofanestimationerrorproducedin-betweennationalcensusreportsbasedoncensusdataaswellaschangesinthecriteriausedtodesignatejobsasagricultural.
However,theroleofindustryinthenationaleconomyissignificantlylargerintermsofgrossvalueadded.Thegrossvalueaddedbytheindustryandconstructionsectordecreasedfrom42.4%in1995to38.2%in2007.Theindustrialsectoritselfdecreasedfrom34.2%to30.1%.Again,twophaseswereobserved:
1)adeclinepriorto2002,and2)anincreasestartingin2002.
TherelativelysmallchangesintheshareofindustrialjobsintotalemploymentaswellasgrossvalueaddedplacesPolandamongEUcountrieswithlargeindustrialemploymentcomparedtothe“old15”AlargeshareofindustrialjobsintotalemploymentischaracteristicofmostEUcountriesstillundergoing
economictransformationinCentralandEasternEurope.ThisresultsfromthefactthatEUcountriesinCentralandEasternEuropecontinuetomaintaintraditionalbranchesofindustrythatrequireanextensiveinputoflabor.Ontheotherhand,EUcountriesinWesternEuropetendtopossessmoremodernformsofindustrythatrequirelesslaborandproducehighergrossvalueaddedgoods.EUstates(Fig.2)andlargeindustry-basedgrossvalueadded(Fig.3)in2007.
Thelargestdecreasesintheshareofindustrialjobsintotalemploymentandgrossvalueaddedhavebeenrecordedincountrieswhereindustrialjobsandindustrialgrossvalueaddedarealreadyratherinsignificantintermsoftotalemploymentandtotalgrossvalueadded(Fig.4).Thisincludesprimarilythe“old15”EUstates(e.g.corememberssuchasGreatBritain).CountriesthatjoinedtheEUlaterthanthecorememberstates,suchasSpainandFinland,experiencedlessofadecline.ThesurprisingfindinginthiscaseisthefactthedeclineinindustryisnotthatsubstantialinCentralandEasternEuropewhereeconomictransformationisstilltakingplaceandwhereindustrialpotentialhadbeenveryhighfollowingtheendoftheircentrally-plannedeconomicsystems.Insomecases,industryhasgainedsignificanceinthenationaleconomyintermsofjobs(Lithuania,Latvia)andgrossvalueadded(Romania,Denmark,Austria).
Industrycontinuestodeclineinmostcountriesintermsofitsshareofjobsintotalemploymentandgrossvalueadded.Thisisassociatedwiththeintroductionofmachinesintheproductionproces
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- 经济 全球化 背景 波兰 及其 欧盟 国家 工业 结构调整