南师大英语写作学硕复习资料.docx
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南师大英语写作学硕复习资料.docx
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南师大英语写作学硕复习资料
写作:
4、Writinganopeningparagraph
Anopeningparagraphusually consistsoftwoparts:
openingpartandthesisstatements、
1)Functionsof anopeningparagraph:
Attractreaders’interest、
Presentyourthesis、
2)Fiveuseful waystowriteanopeningparagraph
(1)Beginwithabroad,general statementofyourtopicandnarrow itdowntoyour thesisstatement、(fromabroadtopictoyourthesis)
(2)Useanincident or abriefstory、(froma briefstorytoyourthesis)
(3) Startwithan idea orasituation thatisthe oppositeoftheoneyouwilldevelop、(fromanoppositeideaorsituationtoyourthesis)
(4)Askoneor morequestions(fromaquestion(s)toyourthesis)
(5) Useaquotation(fromaquotationtoyourthesis)
5、Writingsupportingparagraphs
1)Threebasesfor writingasupportingparagraph:
(1)Support(adequateand specific)(论据充分性)
(2) Coherence(连贯性)
(a)Transitionalwords:
Type1:
Additionsignalsareused to showaccumulation、
Type2:
TimeSignals areused toshowsequence、
Type3:
Spacesignalsareusedtoshowlocation、
Type4:
Change of directionsignalsareused to showcontrast、
Type5:
Illustrationsignalsare usedtoshowexamples、
Type 6:
Conclusionsignalsare usedtoshowconsequence、
(b)Transitionalsentences
(c) Other collectingwords:
Repeatedwords
Pronouns
Synonyms(同义词)
(3)Unity(一致性)
(a) Makeall ofthe topicsentences inthe supporting paragraphs relatedtothethesis、
(b) Makeallof themajorsupportingpoints relatedtothe topicsentencesineachsupporting paragraph、
(c)Makealloftheminorsupporting pointsrelatedtothemajorsupportingpointsin eachsupportingparagraph、
2)Patterns of Organization:
(1)Timeorder(chronologicalorder)(按时间顺序排列)
(2)Climacticorder (orderofimportance)(按重要性顺序排列)
(3)Space order(按空间顺序排列)
6、Writingan concludingparagraph
Foureffectivewayswillbeintroduced
(1)Endwithasummary anda finalthought、
Restateyourmajorpoints raised inyourthesis,butdonotrepeat them、
(2)Endwith aremendation
(3) Endwitha prediction
(4)Endwith athought-provoking questionor questions、
7、 SentenceSkills
1)Threetypes offragments:
2)Run-onsentences (乱加从句得冗长句子)
A run-onsentenceisastringofwordswith twosubordinateclausesthatare runtogether withoutproperpunctuation、
3)Danglingmodifiers(垂悬结构)
40a、 *Carryingaheavypileof books,herfootcaught onthestep、
41a、*To getupearly, theclock wassetat six、
42a、 *At theageoffive,mydad taughtmeabout cars、
43a、*To improvehisresult,theexperimentwasdone again、
41b、 Togetupearly,I setthe clockatsix、
42b、When Iwasfive,mydadtaughtmeabout cars、
43b、Heimproved hisresultby doingtheexperimentagain、
Butsome setphrases and absoluteconstructionsarenotdanglingmodifiers、
44、Tobefrank,Idonot thinkheistherightman for the job、
45、Generallyspeaking,at thisage,girlsare more maturethan boys、
46、Themajorityapprovingoftheproject,hehadto givein、
4)Parallelism(并行关系)
50a、*Itookabath, sleeping,andwakinguprefreshed、
51a、*Thekeys toimproving gradesaretotake effectivenotesinclass,toplanstudytime,andpreparingcarefully forexams、
52a、*Inmanyways,starting collegeat fortyisharderthantostart ateighteen、
Correct sentences:
50b、Itookabath,went tosleep,and wokeuprefreshed、
51b、Thekeystoimprovinggradesaretotakeeffective notes inclass,toplanstudytime,andto preparecarefully forexams、
52b、Inmanyways,startingcollegeatfortyisharderthanstartingat eighteen、
5)Mixedconstruction
53a、*Themost valuedtraitin anemployeeisapersonwhoisloyal、
54a、*Indigestion iswhen youcannot digestfood、
55a、*BytakingaNo、70 busisonewaytogettoouruniversity、
56a、 *The reason Ienjoyhorsebackridingisbecauseitprovidesoutdoorexercise、
57a、*There are manypeoplemovetoUSA、
Correctsentences:
53b、Themostvalued traitinanemployeeisloyalty、
54b、Indigestionis theinability todigestfood、
55b、Youcangetto ouruniversitybytaking aNo、70 bus、
56b、Ienjoyhorsebackridingbecause itprovidesoutdoorexercise、
57b、Therearemany peoplewhomove toUSA、
改错练习:
Revengeisone ofthosethingsthateveryoneenjoy、Peopledon’tliketo talk aboutit,though、Justthe same,thereisnothing moretempting,moresatisfying,orwiththe rewardofa bitofrevenge、The purposeisnottoharm yourvictims、Buttoletthem knowthatyouareupsetabout somethingtheyare doing、Carefulplottingcanprovide youwithrelieffrombothersom coworkers,gossipingfriends,ornagging familymembers、
Coworkerswhomakements aboutthefact thatyouarealways fifteenminuteslate forworkcanbe takencareofverysimply、Thefirstthingthatyoushould doistogetupextra earlyone day、Beforethesun esup,driveto eachcoworker’shouse,reachunder the hood ofhiscar,anddisconnected thecenterwirethatleads tothedistrib、cap、Thecarwillbeunharmed, butitwillnot start,and your friendsatworkwillallbelateforworkonthe sameday、Ifyourlucky, yourbossmight noticethatyouaretheonlyone thereandwillgiveyouaraise、Laterifyoufeelguiltyaboutyour actionsyoucancalleach personanonymously and tell themhowto get thecarrunning…
Correctessay:
Revengeisoneofthosethingsthateveryoneenjoys(主谓一致)、Peopledon’tlike totalk aboutit,though、Just thesame, thereis nothingmoretempting,moresatisfying,ormore rewardingthan(并行关系)abit ofrevenge、Thepurpose is nottoharmyour victimsbut(fragment)tolet themknowthatyou are upsetaboutsomethingtheyaredoingtoyou、 Carefulplottingcanprovideyou withrelieffrom bothersome(拼写错误)coworkers,gossiping friends, ornagging family members、
Coworkers whomake mentsabout thefactthatyouarealways fifteenminuteslatefor work canbetakencareofvery simply、Thefirstthing that you shoulddois to getupextraearly one day、Beforethesunesup,drivetoeachcoworker’s house,reach underthehood ofhiscar,anddisconnect(时态一致) thecenterwirethat leadstothedistributor(全拼)cap、Thecarwillbeunharmed, butitwillnotstart, andyourfriends atworkwillallbelatefor workonthesameday、 If you’relucky,yourbossmightnoticethatyouarethe onlyonethereandwill giveyou a raise、Later,(标点)if youfeelguiltyabout youractions youcancalleachpersonanonymously and tell themhowto gettheircars(代词一致)runningagain…
8、Patternsof development
1) parison andcontrast
(1) Onesideat atime(subjectby subject)
These:
Going to Chaletis moredifficultthangoing toMcDonald’s
1、 Chalet
a、Dress code
b、Advancereservations
c、Leave anhourearly
d、Find parking space
2、 McDonald's
a、Casual dress
b、Noreservations
c、Leave onlyfifteen minutesahead of time
d、Plentyoffreeparking
(2)Pointbypoint
These:
Studyingissomething Idodifferentlyincollegethaninhighschool、
1、Keepingupwithreading assignment
a、Highschool
b、 College
2、Concentratingwhilereading
a、Highschool
b、College
2)Causeandeffect(因果说明)
——We maysupportourthesis statementsbyexplaining aseriesofcausesor aseriesofeffects、
(1)Causes:
Thesetellreaderswhysomething happened、Wetry toexaminethecause ofsomething、Manyactionsdonotoccurwithoutcauses、 Forexample,
Smokingcauseslung cancer、(Smokingisoneof thecauses oflung cancer、)
(2)Effects:
Thesetell readerstheresultsofsomething、Wetrytoexaminetheeffectsof something、Anactioncanhaveaseriesofeffects— goodorbad、Forexample,
Twelvethousandsmokersdiefrom lungcancereveryyear、(Lungcanceris one oftheresults ofsmoking、)
Byexamining thecausesor effectsofanaction,weseektounderstandorexplainthingsthathappen inourlives、
3)Illustration(说明文)(Examples)
In anillustrativeessay,yousupportyourpointbyillustratingitwithexamples、
Illustrationparagraphinclude:
例1:
Topic sentence:
Knowledgeoften results onlyafter persistenceinvestigation、
Supportingexamples:
Albert Einstein
Adetective
AnnieJump Cannon(安妮·坎农,美国女天文学家)
Investigation intothecausesofpolio(脊髓灰质炎)
Concludingsentence:
As students,we tooaredetermined in ourinvestigationtofind,retain andcontributeto thestoreofhumanknowledge、
例2:
Topic sentence:
Thefirstdayofschool wasfrustrating、
Supporting examples:
Mysociology coursewascanceled、 ThenIcouldn’t findthe biologylab、 Andthelinesat thebookstore weresolongthatIwenthomewithoutbuying mytextbooks、
Characteristics ofillustration
●Anexampleisrelevant
●An exampleis representative,whenit shows atypicalreal-lifesituation,nota rare orunusualone、
●Examplesaretakenfrom yourownlife or thelives of people youknow、Theyareuniqueexamplessharedbyno otherpeople、
●Chooseexamplesthatare strikinganddramatic andthatwillmake a stronglastingimpressiononyourreaders
Besure thattheexamplesyouusetoexplainyour thesisshouldbecarefullychosen、Youshould selectexamplesthatarerelevant,representative,specific,strikinganddramatic
Transitionalwords thatareoftenusedinillustration:
Forinstance,Forexample,Anotherinstanceof,Anotherexampleof,Anotherillustrationof,Toillustrate,Acaseinpointis,Hereare afewexamples,Someinstances,Yet another
Terms
Definitions
Briefillustration
Anunelaboratedexample,oftenonly asentence ortwolong
Extendedillustration
Adetailed example
Hypotheticalillustration
Anexamplethatmight happenbutthathas not actuallyoccurred
4)Argumentation(考试考点):
In anargumentation essay, youdefendyourposition(pointofview)witha seriesof solidreasons、You trytoarguewithsomeone,thatis,topersuadeothers
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