egh高级语法讲义.docx
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egh高级语法讲义.docx
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egh高级语法讲义
高级语法讲义
主讲:
屠浩民
欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材
目录
语法快速突破高级语法讲义0
主讲:
屠浩民0
省略:
1
定语从句的回顾1
定语从句省略1
状语从句省略2
独立主格结构4
虚拟语气5
倒装:
7
全部倒装7
部分倒装8
实例练习
(1)9
实例练习
(2)10
否定:
11
全部否定和部分否定11
双重否定12
实例练习13
长难句分析14
实例练习14
非谓语动词15
插入语18
强调句19
省略:
定语从句的回顾
FruitthatcontainsvitaminCcanrelieveacold.
Themanwhowemetyesterdayisafamouspsychologist.
iuThisistherightbookthatyouarelookingfor.
2、关系词充当宾语的时候
3、关系词充当主语
(1)谓语结构为实词
(2)谓语结构为be+名词
4、先行词为theway
定语从句省略
Acontrolboxfittedtothecarcontainsamini-cellphone,amicro-processorandmemory,andaGPS(全球定位系统)satellitepositioningreceiver.(06。
6旧)
Sheislikelytohavefewerbuthealthierchildrenandcaninsistonthedevelopmentofallherchildren,ensuringthatherdaughtersaregivenafairchance.(06。
6旧)
Interestinpursuinginternationalcareershassoaredinrecentyears,enhancedbychronic(长久的)personnelshortagesthatarecausingcompaniestosearchbeyondtheirhomebordersfortalent.(06。
6旧)
Itenrolls90,000student,astatisticusedtosupportitsclaimtobethelargestprivateuniversityinthecountry.(07.12)
Overthepastthreedecadesthenumberofstudentsleavinghomeeachyeartostudyabroadhasgrownatannualrateof3.9percent,form800,000in1975to2.5millionin2004.(07.12)
18.W:
Youhadajobinterviewyesterday,didn’tyou?
Howdiditgo?
M:
Nottoobad,Iguess.Therewereabout20candidatescompetingforthesalesmanager’sjob.Andfinallyitwasdowntothreeofus,buttheothertwoseemedbetterqualified.
Q:
Whatdoesthemanimply?
A)Heisconfidenthewillgetthejob.
B)Hischanceofgettingthejobisslim.
C)Itisn’teasytofindaqualifiedsalesmanager.
D)Theinterviewdidn’tgoaswellasheexpected.
Hamiltonisn’ttheonlyeducatorcrossingtheAtlantic.09.12
汉密尔顿并不是第一位跨越大西洋到外国任职的教育家。
whentheboardoftheUniversityofColoradosearchedforanewpresident,itwantedaleader(whois)familiarwiththestategovernment,amajorsourceoftheuniversity’sbudget.科罗拉多大学董事会在遴选新校长时,想聘用一个与州政府熟悉的领导人,因为州政府是学校的主要资金来源。
09.12
Careerexpertssaythatoneoftheways(that)jobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.职业专家说求职者用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。
状语从句省略
1、主句和从句的主语保持一致,称为分词作状语。
2、若前后主语不一致,则称作独立主格结构。
1、分词作状语
(1)条件:
状语从句,前后主语一致
(2)形式:
分词作状语在句首+分词作状语在句后
(3)省略方式:
关系词(可保留)+动词形式变化(-ing/-ed)
一、用作时间状语
1.典型例句
When[Assoonas]themousesawthecat,itranoff.
Seeingthecat,themouseranoff.见到猫,老鼠就跑了。
真题示例:
When_______differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.(2006浙江卷)
A.comparedB.beingcomparedC.comparingD.havingcompared
二、用作原因状语
1.典型例句
Asshewasveryweak,shecouldn’tmove.
Becauseshewasmuchdiscouraged,shemovedontoLondon.
(1)______withsomuchtrouble,wefailedtocompletethetaskontime.(2006四川卷)
A.FacedB.FaceC.FacingD.Toface
三、用作条件状语
1.典型例句
Ifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.
Ifweareunited,westand;ifwearedivided,wefall.
Ifwehadbeengivenmoretime,wecouldhavedoneitbetter.
四、用作让步状语
1.典型例句
Althoughlivingmilesaway,heattendedthecourse.虽然住在几英里以外,他仍去上课。
五、用作伴随状语
1.典型例句
Hesatinthechairreadinganewspaper.他坐在椅子上看报。
Hecamein,followedbyhiswife.他走了进来,后面跟着他的妻子。
Mycousincametoseemefromthecountry,______meafullbasketoffreshfruits.
A.broughtB.bringingC.tobringD.hadbrought
Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketballs,_____thatallchildrenlikethesethings.
A.thinkingB.thinkC.tothinkD.thought
六、用作方式状语
1.典型例句
Hecameasweexpected.
Hecameashewasexpected.
I'mreturningyourletterasrequested.我按要求给你退信。
七、用作结果状语
1.典型例句
Hefiredandkilledoneofthepassers-by.
Hefired,killingoneofthepassers-by.他开枪了,打死了一个过路人。
Hediedandlefthiswifewithfivechildren.
Hedied,leavinghiswifewithfivechildren.他死了,留下他妻子和五个孩子。
Heglancedoverather,______thatthoughshewastiny,sheseemedverywellputtogether.
A.notingB.notedC.tonoteD.havingnoted
Speedingoffinastolencar,thethiefthinkshehasgotagreatcatch.Butheisinforanunwelcomesurprise.(06.6旧)
_____bythesuperstarsontelevision,theyoungathletestrainedhardandplayedintensely.
A)ImitatedB)ImposedC)InsuredD)Inspired(06.6旧)
Whenapplyingforajob,oneusuallyhastosubmitaresumeorcurriculumvitae(CV).
Alarmedbythisstateof_____,theJapanAutomobileManufacturersAssociation(JAMA)proceededacomprehensivestudyofthemarketin2006.(09.完形)
A)messB)boomC)growthD)decay
Stickingtothelowendofthegovernmentestimates,theNationalResourcesDefenceCouncilsaysthereweremaybenomorethan3.2billionbarrelsofeconomicallyrecoverableoilinthecoastalplainoftheANWR,adropinthebucketthatwoulddovirutallynothingtoeaseAmerica'senergyproblems..
在状语从句中,若前后主从句主语一致,则省略从句的主语,将后面的动词发生形式上的变化,
主动语态变成ing形式,若是被动语态,则变为ed形式。
独立主格结构
一、独立结构的构成:
只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时,我们才能用独立结构。
独立结构只用做状语,多用于书面语言。
常见的独立结构有以下几种:
(一)名词/代词+分词(包括现在分词和过去分词):
1Theboyranquickly,hisfatherfollowing.(表示伴随情况)
2Helayonhisback,hishandsacrossedunderhishead.(表示伴随情况)
(二)名词/代词+形容词:
1、Theystartedhome,theirmindsfullofplansforincreasingproduction.(表示伴随情况)
2、Hewassilentforamoment,hislipstight.(表示伴随情况)
(三)名词/代词+副词:
1、Heputonhissocks,wrongsideout.(表示补充说明)
2、Thewarover,alltheChinesepeople’svolunteerscamebacktoChina.(表示补充说明)
(四)名词/代词+介词(短语)
1、Shecamein,ababyinherarms.(表示伴随情况)
2、Hewentoff,guninhand.(表示伴随情况)
二独立结构在句子中的作用。
独立结构在句子中只能做状语,这种结构可以用来:
(一)表示时间:
Hishomeworkdone,Jimdecidedtogoandseetheplay.
(=Afterhishomeworkwasdone,hedecidedtogoandseetheplay.)
(二)表示原因:
Thelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.
(=Becausethelastbushavinggone,wehadtowalkhome.)
(三)表示条件:
Weatherpermitting,we’llgoforanoutingtomorrow.
(=Ifweatherpermitting,we’llgoforanoutingtomorrow.)
(四)表示伴随情况或伴随状况:
Theywalkedthroughtheforest,anoldhunterleadingtheway.
(五)表示补充说明:
Helivedinawoodenhousewithtworooms,onebeingabedroomandtheotherbeinganoffice.
(=Helivedinawoodenhousewithtworooms,onewasabedroom,theotherwasanoffice.)
三独立变格的变化
在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加”with”
1、——Whyaretheytalkingalltheequipmentaway?
——Thejob(),theyarepackinguptoleave.
AittodoneBdidCwasdidDdone
2、Otherthingsbeingequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanthemanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.
虚拟语气
1.if引导的虚拟语气
2.倒装形式
WereIyou(=ifIwereyou),Iwouldgetupearlyinthemorning.
Hadyouarrivedatthestationtenminutesearlieryesterday(=Ifyouhadarrived…),youcouldhavecaughtthetrain.
Shoulditrain(=Ifitshouldrain),thecropswouldbesaved.
【2】馒头面条原理
【3】固定句型
Itistimethat...
Wouldratherthat.....
(1).Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.
(2).Johnwouldratherthatshehadnotgonetothepartyyesterdayevening.
(4).Iwouldrathereverythinghadn'thappenedinthepast.
“Itis(was)+形容词(或过去分词)+that……”结构中的虚拟语气
1.Itisnecessarythatwe(should可省略,下同)haveawalknow.
2.Itwasnecessarythatwe(should)makeeverythingreadyaheadoftime.
3.Itisrequiredthatnobody(should)smokehere.
4.Itisimportantthateverypupil(should)beabletounderstandtheruleofschool.
练习
1.He’llbebusythisafternoon.Ifhe___free,he___tothecinemawithyou.
A.weretobe;mightgoB.amgoingtobe;willgo
C.willbe;mighthavegoneD.is;willgo
2.WhenEdisondied,itwasproposedthattheAmericanpeople_____allpowerintheirhomes,streets,andfactoriesforseveralminutesinhonorofthisgreatman.
A.turnoffB.turnedoff
C.wouldturnoffD.hadturnedoff
3.HadIknownhername,_____.
A.ordoessheknowmine?
B.andwheredoesshelive?
C.IwouldhaveinvitedhertolunchD.shewouldbebeautiful
4.I’dratheryou______bytrain,becauseIcan'tbeartheideaofyourbeinginanairplaneinsuchbadweather.
A.wouldgoB.shouldgo
C.wentD.hadgone
5.Thevictim________(本来会有机会活下来)ifhehadbeentakentohospitalintime.
wouldhaveachancetosurvive(06.12翻译)
6.Theprofessorrequiredthat________(我们交研究报告)。
wehandinourresearchreport(s)(06.6翻译)
7.IfSept.11hadneverhappened,theairportworkerswouldnothavebeenarrestedandcouldhavegoneonquietlylivinginAmerica,probablyindefinitely.(06.6阅读)
8.W:
Whatwouldyoudoifyouwereinmyplace?
M:
IfPaulweremyson,I’djustnotworry.Nowthathisteacherisgivinghimextrahelpandheisworkinghardhimself,he’ssuretodowellinthenextexam.
Q:
What’stheman’ssuggestiontothewoman?
13.A)Teachinghersonbyherself.C)Askingtheteacherforextrahelp.
B)Havingconfidenceinherson.D)Tellinghersonnottoworry.(07.12)
1.You’dbettertakeasweaterwithyou________________(以防天气变冷)
incaseit(should)turncold.(08.12)
10.Ifshehadreturnedanhourearlier,Mary(就不会被大雨淋湿了).09.6
.wouldn’thavebeencaughtbytherain
11.Youwouldnothavefailedifyou__________________________(按照我的指令去做).
hadfollowedmyinstructions/orders(09.12)
倒装:
全部倒装
在大学级别的考试中,应用是非常广泛的,包括在阅读、完形、写作以及翻译当中;
总共分为两种形式:
全部倒装和部分倒装
全部倒装:
主谓宾构成了正常的语序,把谓语动词提到了动词的前面,谓语动词直接发生在主语之前,那么就是全部倒装。
另外一种情况就是,仍然是主、谓、宾结构,谓语动词都有时态、人称的变化,把谓语动词上的助动词提到了主语的前面,这个就叫做部分倒装。
全部倒装的情况:
1.Thebusiscominghere.
Herecomesthebus.进行时态在变为倒装的时候要变为一般现在时。
2.Studentswentaway.
Awaywentstudents.
3.Theboyrushedout.
Outrushed
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