学术写作英文模板.docx

学术写作英文模板.docx

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学术写作英文模板

第四部分：

学术写作

（AcademicWritings）

4.1论文标题（PaperTitle）

［范例A］化学（Chemistry）

RoleofOxygeninImprovingChemicalProcesses

［范例B］翻译（Translation）

CulturalFactorsinTranslationandTheirTransfer

［范例C］文学（Literature）

“BadGirl”KathyAckerandHerWorks

4.2论文标题页（TitlePageofaThesisorDissertation）

［范例A］计算机（ComputerScience）

DESKTOPVIDEOCONFERENCING:

TECHNOLOGYANDUSEFORREMOTESEMINARDELIVERY

SeniorHonorsThesis

Submittedinpartialfulfillment

ofrequirementstograduatefrom

TheHonorsCollege

by

LeighAnneRettinger

UniversityofCentralArkansas

Conway,Arkansas72032

Semester,Year

 ThesisCommittee:

Adviser:

__Dr.AnneA.Nilsson___

Reader:

Dr.WoodrowE.Robinson

Director:

Dr.ThomasK.Miller

［范例B］教育学（Education）

ANINVENTORYFORMEASURINGCOLLEGESTUDENTS'LEVELOFMISCONCEPTIONSINFIRSTSEMESTERCHEMISTRY

AThesis

SubmittedtotheFaculty

of

PurdueUniversity

by

DouglasRobertMulford

InPartialFulfillmentofthe

RequirementsfortheDegree

of

MasterofScience

December1996

4.3英文摘要（AbstractinEnglish）

4.3.1信息型论文摘要（InformationalAbstract）

［范例A］翻译（Translation）

Title:

CulturalFactorsinTranslationandTheirTransfer

Abstract:

Thisthesisattemptstoapplygeneralknowledgeoflinguistics,anthropologyandtranslationtotheresearchofculturalfactorsintranslationandtheirtransfer.Thethesisconcludesabriefintroductionandfourchapters.Theintroductionpresentsthespecifictopicandraisesseveralrelatedissues.ChapterOneisdevotedtotherelationshipbetweenlanguage,cultureandtranslation.ChapterTwofocuesonthecategorizationofculturalfactorsintranslation.ChapterThreetalksaboutthreetopics:

translatability,majortranslationmethodsofculturalfactors,andthetransferofsomeimportantculturalsubcategories.Thelastchaptergivesananalysisofsomeinappropriatetranslationsanddrawsageneralconclusionforthewholethesis.

［范例B］工程（Engineering）

Title:

ProbableDevelopmentofAgriculturalMechanization

Abstract:

Thisarticlereviewsthepastachievementsinagriculturalmechanizationandaimstopredictthedevelopmentsintheimmediatefuture.Itiswidelyacknowledgedthattocopewithgreatercropoutput,itisnecessarytomakeuseofmorepowerfulequipmentthatiscapableofmoreextensiveworkwithinthelimitedtime.Themainproblemsarediscussedunderthefollowingheadings:

　　1）GeneralTrendofMechanization

　　2）MechanizationofCropFarming

3）MechanizationofAnimalHusbandry

Thearticleconcludesthatfurtherprogressofagriculturalmechanizationdependson,toagreatextent,thedevelopmentofmechanicalindustry,whichshouldbespurredandencouraged.

4.3.2陈述型论文摘要（DescriptiveAbstract）

［范例A］哲学（Philosophy）

Title:

PureandAppliedScience

Abstract:

Inthisarticle,theauthorholdsthatpurescienceisfundamentallyconcernedwiththedevelopmentoftheoriesestablishingrelationshipsbetweenthephenomenaoftheuniverse.Ontheotherhand,appliedscienceisdirectlyconnectedwiththeapplicationoftheworkinglawsofpuresciencetothepracticalaffairsinthelife,andtoman'sincreasingcontrolovertheenvironment,thusleadingtothedevelopmentofnewtechniques,processesandmachines.Itisevidentthatmanybranchesofappliedsciencearepracticalextensionsofpurelytheoreticalorexperimentalwork.Itshowstousthatthesetwobranchesofsciencearemutuallydependentandinteracting.

［范例B］物理（Physics）

Title:

ContactProblemsintheClassicalTheoryofElasticity

Abstract:

Thisarticlegivesanaccountofcontactproblemsintheclassicaltheoryofelasticity.Itbeginsfromfundamentalprinciplesandaimstoofferinformationonrecentdevelopmentsonthissubjectthatthereadercantakeadvantagetowidenhishorizonofcontactproblems.

［范例C］工程（Engineering）

Title:

UseofEngineeringMetals

Abstract:

Thisarticleshowsustheimportanceofmetalsinourdailylife,especiallyinmachinebuildingandengineeringconstruction.Metalsthatareusedinindustryarecalledengineeringmetals,ofwhichthemostwidely-usedisiron.Therefore,productionofironisverycriticaltothedevelopmentofanation.

4.4论文提纲（PaperOutline）

4.4.1主题提纲（TopicOutline）

［范例A］期末论文（TermPaper）

ChoicesinCollegeandAfter

Thesis:

ThedecisionsIhavetomakeinchoosingcollegecoursesdependonlargerquestionsIambeginningtoaskmyselfaboutmylife’swork.

 I.Twodecisionsdescribed

A.Arthistoryorchemistry

1.Professionalconsiderations

2.Personalconsiderations

B.AthirdyearofFrench?

1.Practicaladvantagesofknowinga foreign language

2.Intellectualadvantages

3.Theissueofnecessity

II.Definitionoftheproblem

A.Decisionsaboutoccupation

B.Decisionsaboutakindoflifetolead

III.Temporaryresolutionoftheproblem

A.Toholdopenaprofessionalpossibility:

chemistry

B.Totakeadvantageofculturalgainsalreadymade:

French

4.4.2句子提纲（SentenceOutline）

［范例A］期末论文（TermPaper）

ChoicesinCollegeandAfter

Thesis:

ThedecisionsIhavetomakeinchoosingcollegecourses,dependonlargerquestionsIambeginningtoaskmyselfaboutmylife’swork.

I.Ihavetwodecisionstomakewithrespecttochoosingcollegecoursesintheimmediatefuture.

A.Oneiswhethertoselectacourseinarthistoryorinchemistry.

1.Ontheonehand,onetimeinmylife,Iplannedtobeachemicalengineerprofessionally.

2.Ontheotherhand,Ienjoyartandplantotravelandseemoreofit.

B.TheseconddecisioniswhethertocontinueathirdyearofFrenchbeyondthebasiccollegerequirement.

1.Frenchmightbeusefulbothinengineeringandtravel.

2.Furthermore,IameagertoreadgoodbookswhicharewritteninFrench.

3.HownecessaryaretheseconsiderationsinthelightofothercoursesImighttakeinstead?

II.Myproblemcanbeputintheformofadilemmainvolvinglargerquestionsaboutmywholefuture.

A.Ontheonehand,Iwanttoholdahighly-trainedpositioninalucrativeprofession.

B.Ontheotherhand,Iwanttoleadacertainkindoflife,withcapacitiesforvaluesnotconnectedwiththemakingofmoney.

III.IwillhavetomakeadecisionbalancingtheconflictingneedsIhavedescribed.

A.Iwillholdopentheprofessionalpossibilitiesbyelectingchemistry.

B.IwillimproveandsolidifywhatculturalproficiencyinanotherlanguageIhavealreadygained,bychoosingFrench.

4.5论文综述（Introduction）

［范例A］生物（Biology）

Althoughstudieshaveshownthatdiethasanimportantinfluenceonamammal’soverallbiology（e.g.McNab1983）,littleisknownaboutthefeedingecologyofmanyAustralianspecies.

Onespecies,theyellow-belliedglider（Petaurusaustralis）,whichweighsuptoapproximately700g,isthelargestofthearthropodandexudates-feedingmarsupialgliders（seeSmith&Lee1984）.IthasawidespreadbutpatchydiscussionineasternAustraliaandischaracterizedbylowpopulationdensities（Henry&Craig,1984,Kavanagh1984）.Relativelylittleresearchhasbeencenteredonthefeedingbehaviorofthisspeciesbecauseofdifficultyinitsdetectionandcapture（Craig&Belcher1980）.

Onestudy（Wakefield,1970）concludedthatwhileyellow-belliedglidersobtainsapfromthe“V”-shapedincisionstheymakeinthetrunksofvariousspeciesofeucalyptarthropodscomprisethebulkoftheirdiet.Thisconclusion,however,wasbasedonlimitedfeedingobservationandirregularoccurrenceofthese“sap-site”trees.

OtherstudiesconductedanalysisonfaecalsamplesfromnorthQueenslandandVictoriarespectively（SmithandRussell,1982;HenryandCraig,1984;andCraig1985）todeterminefeedingbehavior.Thesestudiesfoundthepresenceofarthropods,eucalyptsap,nectarandhoneydew.However,asinsectandplantexudatesandalmosttotallydigestedandleavelittletraceinthefaeces,otherindicatorsmustbeusedtoinfertheiruse（Smith&Russell1982）.Bark,forexample,isusedasanindicatorofeucalyptsap.Faecalanalysis,therefore,doesn’tallowaprecisedeterminationoftherelativeimportantofeachoftheseparatedietaryitems.

Qualitativeobservationsoffeedingbehavioringlidershavealsobeencarriedout（HenryandCraig,1984;Craig,1985;KavanaghandRohan-Jones,1982;andKavanagh1987a,b）.Inthesestudieseachobservationisscoredequal,regardlessofduration,thusthesedataindicateonlythepresenceorabsenceoffooditemsinthediet,nottheirrelativeuse.Astudyemployingtheuseoftimed（i.e.quantitative）feedingobservationsisnecessarytogiveabetterresolutionofthespecies’dietaryrequirements.Thisstudyaimsatachievingthisbyaddressingthefollowingquestion:

aredifferentfoodresourcesexploitedindifferentproportionsthroughouttheyear?

［范例B］工程（Engineering）

Advancedceramicmaterialssuchaszirconiahavegreatpotentialassubstitutesfortraditionalmaterialinmanyengineeringapplications;however,anumberofproblemshavethusfarrestrictedtheirusebyengineers.Twoofthemajorproblemsaredifficultiesinproducingproductsofreliableandconsistentqualityandhighcostofmanufacture.

Difficultiesinachievingreliableandconsistentqualitystemlargelyfromproblemsassociatedwithhandlingandformingoffineceramicpowders,andfromtheformationofthermalgradientsthatoftenoccursduringconventionalsinteringprocesses.Advancesinpowderprocessingofceramicpowdersarehelpingtoovercomethefirstoftheseproblems,butonlyslow,controlledheatingandcoolingrateshavebeenusedtosolvetheproblemofformationofthermalgradients.Whilethissolutionfacilitiesthemanufactureofhighqualitycomponents,itdoessoattheexpenseoftheproductionrate,anddeteriorationofthemechanicalprosperitieso