戴伟栋新编简明英语语言学教程笔记汇编.docx
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戴伟栋新编简明英语语言学教程笔记汇编.docx
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戴伟栋新编简明英语语言学教程笔记汇编
戴版语言学
ChapterOne----Introduction
Partone----Whatislinguistics?
1.Definition----linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
Scientificmeansitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.
NoArticlebeforelanguageinthisdefinitionmeansthatlinguisticsstudieslanguageingeneral.
Linguists’task:
basicallystudyandunderstandthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesarebuilt.
Interestoflinguistsis“whatissaid”
2.Thescopesoflinguistics
Generallinguistics----thestudyoflanguageasawhole-----thecoreoflinguistics
Phonetics----thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.
Phonology----thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningsincommunication.
Morphology----thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.
Syntax-----thestudyoftherulesforsentenceformation
Semantics-----thestudyofmeaning.
Pragmatics----thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.
Abovearemadeupofthecoreoflinguistics
Sociolinguistics-----thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranch.
Psycholinguistics-----thestudyoflanguageprocessing,comprehendingandproduction,aswellaslanguageacquisition.
Appliedlinguistics-----theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.
3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics.
(1)prescriptivevs.descriptive
prescriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.
Descriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.
Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.
(2)Synchronicvs.diachronic
Synchronic----thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.
Diachronic----thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime----thehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime----anothername:
historicallinguistics.
Asynchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.
(3)Speechvs.writing
Twomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication
Speechispriortowriting:
(1)writingsystemisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeech.
(2)speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingininformationconveyance.
(3)speechisacquiredasmothertonguewhilewritingislearnedandtaught.
(4)speechrevealstruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewritinglanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.
(4)Languevs.parole
ProposedbySwisslinguist----F.deSaussure----sociologicalview.
Purpose:
discovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.
Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofsspeechcommunity.----abstract&stable.
Parole-----therealizationoflanguageinactualuse----concrete&varied
(5)Competencevs.performance
ProposedbyAmericanlinguistNoamChomsky----psychologicalview
Purpose:
discoverandspecifytheinternalizedsetsofrules.
Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.
Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
(6)Traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics
Thebeginningofmodernlinguistics--thepublicationofSaussure’s“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”inearly20th
Modernlinguisticsdifferstraditionalgrammar:
(1)descriptivevs.prescriptive.
(2)spokenlanguagevs.writtenlanguage.
(3)MLdoesn’tforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.
PartTwo----Whatislanguage?
1.Definition----languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
System----elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.
Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatsymbolstandsfor.
Vocal----theprimarymediumforalllanguageissound.
Human----languageishuman-specific.
2.Designfeatures----proposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett.(5/12)
Designfeatures:
thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication-----human-specific.
(1)Arbitrariness----thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.
Exceptions:
Onomatopoeicwordsandsomecompoundwordsarenotentirearbitrary.
(2)Productivity----languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers----userscanproduceandunderstandsentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.
(3)Duality----(anothername:
doublearticulation.)Languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerleveristhestructureofmeaningless
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