The effect of Zhuangzi.docx
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The effect of Zhuangzi.docx
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TheeffectofZhuangzi
TheeffectofZhuangzi'sphilosophyonChinese
Abstract
Zhuangzi'sphilosophyislikeaexoticflowerinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofChinesephilosophy.ItreflectstheOrientalcharacteristicwisdomandcivilizationfromadifferentside.Bothhisdeepandmeaningfulwisdomandhisbroad-mindedandsimplequalitieshaveinspiredsomanythinkersindifferenttimes,.Theyalsoencouragedgenerationaftergenerationtoyearnforthefreedomofthespirit.Intheprocessoflong-termdevelopmentofChinesesociety,Zhuangzi'sphilosophytogetherwithLaozi’sphilosophybecametheinfluentialTaoistphilosophy,whichhasafar-reachinginfluenceonChineseculture.
TheeffectofZhuangzi'sphilosophyonChinese
ZhuangZhou,morecommonlyknownasZhuangzi(orMasterZhuang),wasaninfluentialChinesephilosopherwholivedaroundthe4thcenturyBCEduringtheWarringStatesPeriod,greatthinkerandphilosopher,andwriter.Helovedfreedomandhatedthetrammelsofbeinganofficial.HeevenrefusedtheappointmentofChuweiking.HeinheritedanddevelopedtheLaozi’sthought,whichhasgreatlypromotedtheinfluenceandpopularityofTaoism.Hisphilosophyhasinfluencedboththinkersandciviliansforseveralthousandsofyears.Untiltoday,therearetillsomanyscholarsathomeandabroadstudyinghisthoughts.Andwecanfeelhisthoughts’effectinourdailylife.
Heiscreditedwithwriting—inpartorinwhole—aworkknownbyhisname,theZhuangzi,whichexpressesaphilosophywhichisskeptical,arguingthatlifeislimitedandknowledgetobegainedisunlimited.Sotospendyourlimitedyourtopursuittheunlimitedknowledgeishopelessandtiring.Hisphilosophycanbeconsideredaprecursorofrelativisminsystemsofvalue.HisphilosophyhasagreatimpactonChinesepeopleforsinceitcameout.
1Thepursuitoffreedom
FreedomisthecoreofZhuangzi’sphilosophy.Duringzhuangzi’stime,Chinaisgoingthroughagreatrevolution,thewholesocietyistransferringfromslaverysystemtofeudalsystem.Everystatesparednoeffortstodevelopandstrengthenitsmilitarypower,whichleadtocontinuouswarsbetweencountries,castinggreatsufferingonitspeople.Zhuangzihadaprofoundanduniqueunderstandingofthedarksocietyandthelifefilledwithsuffering.Hefelthopelesswhenfacingthesociety.Toacertainextent,hisfreedomcanberegardedasanescapefromthereality.Hisfreedomdoesnotoccupyarealisticbasis,andactuallyitisvisionalandidealistic.Andthisleadstohisattitudeofgametowardshislifetowardsthesocietyandpolitics.
KingWeiofChu(楚威王),havingheardoftheabilityofZhuangzi,sentmessengerswithlargegiftstobringhimtohiscourt,andpromisingalsothathewouldmakehimhischiefminister.Zhuangzi,however,onlylaughedandsaidtothem,"Athousandouncesofsilverareagreatgaintome;andtobeahighnobleandministerisamosthonorableposition.Buthaveyounotseenthevictim-oxforthebordersacrifice?
Itiscarefullyfedforseveralyears,androbedwithrichembroiderythatitmaybefittoentertheGrandTemple.Whenthetimecomesforittodoso,itwouldprefertobealittlepig,butitcannotgettobeso.Goawayquickly,anddonotsoilmewithyourpresence.Ihadratheramuseandenjoymyselfinthemidstofafilthyditchthanbesubjecttotherulesandrestrictionsinthecourtofasovereign.Ihavedeterminednevertotakeoffice,butprefertheenjoymentofmyownfreewill."
Zhuangzi’sfreedomisfreedom.ThestatusoftheperfectmanisdescribedinamysticalwayinwhichheisunifiedwithHeavenandEarthandisidenticaltoallthetenthousandthingsintheuniverse("thetenthousandthingsandmeareone").HewillinglyfollowsthepatternssetbyHeaven.Whatheobtainshasbeengrantedbyoccasion,andwhatheloses,goesawayinthecourseofchanges.Hethereforedisplaysnojoy,norregret.
ThisideahasgreatlyinfluencedthehermitsinChinesehistory,suchasTaoYuanming(陶渊明),RuanJi(阮籍),TaoHongjing(陶弘景)andsoon.ThesemenfollowedZhuangziwhentheyarefacedwiththedarksociety.Theybecamehermits,andtheyescapedfromthereality.Theynevercaredaboutthelivingconditionsoftheirlives,buttheytriedtheirbesttopursuitthefreedomofthoughtandspiritsthepeaceoftheirinnerbody.FreedomplaysadivineintheChineseintelligentsias’mind.
TheirsisoldsayinginChina“Nofreedomorgivemedeath.”FormerpresidentofPekingUniversity—CaiYuanpei(蔡元培)stressedthatthesoulofauniversityisthefreedomofthought.ThisisconsistentwithZhuangzi’sidea.
2.Wuwei(无为)andnaturalness
Theambiguousterm“wuwei”constitutestheleadingethicalconceptinTaoism.Commontranslationsare"nonaction","effortlessaction"or"actionwithoutintent".UnlikeConfucianism,Taoismfavorsphilosophicalanarchism,pluralismandlaissez-faire-government.“Themoreprohibitionsthereare,thepoorerthepeoplebecome."AlsoZhuangziwasalongthesamelines.Ontheotherhand,politicsneverhavebeenamainissueinTaoism.AlsoinChinasocialismandotherformsofmarxistphilosophywasvinculatedtotaoism,justlikesomerevolutionarieslikeboxerrebels,ChenDuxiu,andtaoistactivistsduringChineseculturalrevolution.
InancientTaoisttexts,wuweiisassociatedwithwaterthroughitsyieldingnature.Taoistphilosophyproposesthattheuniverseworksharmoniouslyaccordingtoitsownways.Whensomeoneexertstheirwillagainsttheworld,theydisruptthatharmony.Itassertsthatonemustplacetheirwillinharmonywiththenaturaluniverse.Thus,apotentiallyharmfulinterferenceistobeavoided,andinthisway,goalscanbeachievedeffortlessly.
Zhuangzisaidtheworld"doesnotneedgoverning;infactitshouldnotbegoverned,"and,"Goodorderresultsspontaneouslywhenthingsareletalone."MurrayRothbardcalledhim"perhapstheworld'sfirstanarchist".AfableinZhuangzitellsusastorythatShu(倏,人名)andHu(惚,人名)cametovisitedHundun(混沌,人名),andHunduntreatthemcordially.InordertorepayHundun’skindness,thetwoguysdiscussed,“Sinceeverybodyhas7holesinhisheadexcepthundun,wecanhelpHundunmakeachange.”ThentheypickaholeinHundun’sheadeveryday,andinthe7thdayHundundied.
Fromthestorywecanfeeltheimpliedmeaning—wuwei.Itmeanspeopleshouldnottointerferetheexistingthings,andespeciallynottochangethethingsbyourownhumanwills.Thisideahadbeenwidelyappliedtomanyfields,suchaspolitics,agriculture,humancommunicationandeveneducation.
WuweiisthebasicpolicyofastateinHandynasty.Afteryearsofwars,peoplearoundthecountryfeeltiredanddiscouraged,thegovernmentcarriedoutthewuweipolicyinordertocreateastableandpeacefulenvironmentforthewholecountrytorehabilitate.Thegovernorsseldomdisturbedthelivesofhispeopleandthispolicygeneratedtheremarkableresults.
Zhaungzithinksmanshouldreverethenature,andfollowthenature.Menshouldneverjudgeathing,suchasatree,byitspracticaluse.NaturalnessisregardedasacentralvalueinTaoism.Itdescribesthe"primordialstate"ofallthingsaswellasabasiccharacteroftheTao,andisusuallyassociatedwithspontaneityandcreativity.Toattainnaturalness,onehastoidentifywiththeTao.Thisinvolvesfreeingoneselffromselfishnessanddesire,andappreciatingsimplicity.Andinagriculture,Chinesefarmershavelearnedtofollowthenaturetofarming.ChinesefarmingisdifferentfromthatinEurope,whichistofightagainstthenature.Chinesefarmersreverethenature,andtriedtolearnfromthenatureandthereforeapplytheirknowledgeintotheirfarming.OnegoodexampleisthatancientChinesefarmersneverusethechemicalfertilizers,actuallythereisnotchemicalfertilizersinancientchina,buthowcantheyplantenoughgraintofeedtheword’slargestpopulation?
Theyusethewastesofhumanbeingsandanimals,thesludgeinthebottomoftheriverandtheleftoverstoprovidethenutritiontotheplants.Todaythisiscalledtheorganicfarming,whichissopopularandstronglyrecommendedbymanyscientists.Itwillnotpollutetheenvironmentanditcanhelpcontainfertilityofsoil.What’smore,itwillproducemoregrainthantraditionalfarminginthelongrun.Andthefoodismuchhealthier.
Today,it’squitecommoninchinathatsomebodywillusethe“letitbe”or”letnaturetakeitscourse”toconsolesomebodyelseorhimselfwhenfacingtheunavoidableincidentortragedy.Drivingyourselftooharddoesnothingusefulexceptharmingyourself.Alltheseexampleshaveaclosedrelationshipofwuweiandnaturalness.
3.Formtheliterarystyleofromanticism
Zhuangziistraditionallycreditedastheauthorofatleastpartoftheworkbearinghisname,theZhuangzi.Thiswork,initscurrentshapeconsistingof33chapters,istraditionallydividedintothreeparts:
thefirst,knownasthe"InnerChapters",consistsofthefirstsevenchapters;thesecond,knownasthe"OuterChapters",consistofthenext15chapters;thelast,knownasthe"MixedChapters",consistoftheremaining11chapters.Themeaningofthesethreenamesisdisputed:
accordingtoGuoXiang,the"InnerChapters"werewrittenbyZhuangzi,the"OuterChapters"writtenbyhisdisciples,andthe"MixedChapters"byotherhands;theotherinterpretationisthatthenamesrefertotheoriginofthetitlesofthechapters—the"InnerChapters"taketheirtitlesfromphrasesinsidethechapter,the"OuterChapters"fromtheopeningwordsofthechapters,andthe"MixedChapters"fromamixtureofthesetwosources.
Furtherstudyofthetextdoesnotprovideaclearchoicebetweenthesealternatives."Neitheroft
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