What is a Noun.docx
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What is a Noun.docx
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WhatisaNoun
WhatisaNoun?
noun (noun):
aword(exceptapronoun)thatidentifiesaperson,placeorthing,ornamesoneofthem(propernoun)
Thesimpledefinitionis:
aperson,placeorthing.Herearesomeexamples:
∙person:
man,woman,teacher,John,Mary
∙place:
home,office,town,countryside,America
∙thing:
table,car,banana,money,music,love,dog,monkey
Notethatanyoftheabovecanalsobereferredtobyapronoun.AndnotethatnameslikeJohnorAmericaarecalled"propernouns".
Theproblemwiththesimpledefinitionaboveisthatitdoesnotexplainwhy"love"isanounbutcanalsobeaverb.
Another(morecomplicated)wayofrecognizinganounisbyits:
1.ending
2.position
3.function
1.Nounending
Therearecertainwordendingsthatshowthatawordisanoun,forexample:
∙-ity→ nationality
∙-ment→ appointment
∙-ness→ happiness
∙-ation→ relation
∙-hood→ childhood
Butthisisnottrueforthewordendingsofallnouns.Forexample,thenoun"spoonful"endsin-ful,buttheadjective"careful"alsoendsin-ful.
2.Positioninsentence
Wecanoftenrecogniseanounbyitspositioninthesentence.
Nounsoftencomeafteradeterminer(adeterminerisawordlikea,an,the,this,my,such):
∙a relief
∙an afternoon
∙the doctor
∙this word
∙my house
∙such stupidity
Nounsoftencomeafteroneormoreadjectives:
∙agreat relief
∙apeaceful afternoon
∙thetall,Indian doctor
∙thisdifficult word
∙mybrownandwhite house
∙suchcrass stupidity
3.Functioninasentence
Nounshavecertainfunctions(jobs)inasentence,forexample:
∙subjectofverb:
Doctors workhard.
∙objectofverb:
Helikes coffee.
∙subjectandobjectofverb:
Teachers teach students.
Butthesubjectorobjectofasentenceisnotalwaysanoun.Itcouldbeapronounoraphrase.Inthesentence"Mydoctorworkshard",thenounis"doctor"butthesubjectis"Mydoctor".
TypesofNouns
NounsareanimportantpartofspeechinEnglish,probablysecondonlytoverbs.Itisdifficulttosaymuchwithoutusinganoun.
ThereareseveraldifferenttypesofEnglishnouns.Itisoftenusefultorecognizewhattypeanounisbecausedifferenttypessometimeshavedifferentrules.Thishelpsyoutousethemcorrectly.
CommonNounsandProperNouns
CommonNouns
Mostnounsarecommonnouns.Commonnounsrefertopeople,placesandthingsingenerallike chair or dog.Anynounthatisnotanameisacommonnoun.
Examples:
teacher,car,music,danger,receipt
∙Haveyouseenmy dog?
∙The books areonyour desk.
∙...the pursuit of happiness.
ProperNouns
Namesofpeople,placesororganizationsare propernouns.Yournameisapropernoun. London isapropernoun. UnitedNations isapropernoun.
Rule:
Propernounsalwaysstartwithacapitalletter.
Examples:
Jane,Thailand,Sunday,JamesBond,Einstein,Superman,GameofThrones,Shakespeare
∙Letmeintroduceyouto Mary.
∙Thecapitalof Italy is Rome.
∙Heisthechairmanofthe BritishBroadcastingCorporation.
∙Iwasbornin November.
Note:
Adjectivesthatwemakefrompropernounsalsousuallystartwithacapitalletter,forexample Shakespearian,Orwellian.
Yourname isa propernoun.Apropernounisthespecialwordthatweuseforaperson,placeororganization,likeJohn,Marie,London,FranceorSony.Anameisanoun,butaveryspecialnoun-apropernoun.Englishpropernounshavespecialrules.
commonnoun
propernoun
man,boy
John
woman,girl
Mary
country,town
England,London
company
Ford,Sony
shop,restaurant
Maceys,McDonalds
month,dayoftheweek
January,Sunday
book,film
WarandPeace, Titanic
ConcreteNounsandAbstractNouns
ConcreteNouns
Concretenounsarephysicalthingsthatyoucantouch.
Examples:
man,rice,head,car,furniture,mobilephone
∙Howmany stars arethereinthe universe?
∙Haveyoumet JamesBond?
∙Pourthe water downthe drain.
AbstractNouns
Abstractnounsaretheoppositeofconcretenouns.Theyarethingsthatyoucannottouch.Abstractnounsareideas,conceptsandfeelings.
Examples:
happiness,courage,danger,truth
∙Hehasgreat strength.
∙WhokilledPresidentKennedyisareal mystery.
∙Sometimesittakes courage totellthe truth.
∙Theirliveswerefullof sadness.
CountableNounsandUncountableNouns
CountableNouns
(alsocalled countnouns)
Youcancount countablenouns.Countablenounshavesingularandpluralforms.
Examples:
ball,boy,cat,person
∙Ihaveonlyfive dollars.
∙TheEarthwasformed4.6billion years ago.
∙Therearelotsof people butwedon'thavea car.
Countablenounsareeasytorecognize.Theyarethingsthatwecancount.Forexample:
"pen".Wecancountpens.Wecanhaveone,two,threeormorepens.Herearesomemorecountablenouns:
∙dog,cat,animal,man,person
∙bottle,box,litre
∙coin,note,dollar
∙cup,plate,fork
∙table,chair,suitcase,bag
Countablenounscanbesingularorplural:
∙My dogis playing.
∙My dogsare hungry.
Wecanusetheindefinitearticle a/an withcountablenouns:
∙A dogis an animal.
Whenacountablenounissingular,wemustuseawordlike a/the/my/this withit:
∙Iwant an orange.(not Iwantorange.)
∙Whereis my bottle?
(not Whereisbottle?
)
Whenacountablenounisplural,wecanuseitalone:
∙Ilikeoranges.
∙Bottlescanbreak.
Wecanuse some and any withcountablenouns:
∙I'vegot some dollars.
∙Haveyougot any pens?
Wecanuse afew and many withcountablenouns:
∙I'vegot afew dollars.
∙Ihaven'tgot many pens.
UncountableNouns
(alsocalled massnouns)
Youcannotcount uncountablenouns.Youneedtouse"measurewords"toquantifythem.
Rule:
Weneveruseuncountablenounswiththeindefinitearticle(a/an).Uncountablenounsarealwayssingular.
Examples:
water,happiness,cheese
∙Haveyougotsome money?
∙Air-conditionersusealotof electricity.
∙Doyouhaveany work formetodo?
∙ManyAsianseat rice.
Uncountablenounsaresubstances,conceptsetcthatwecannotdivideintoseparateelements.Wecannot"count"them.Forexample,wecannotcount"milk".Wecancount"bottlesofmilk"or"litresofmilk",butwecannotcount"milk"itself.Herearesomemoreuncountablenouns:
∙music,art,love,happiness
∙advice,information,news
∙furniture,luggage
∙rice,sugar,butter,water
∙electricity,gas,power
∙money,currency
Weusuallytreatuncountablenounsassingular.Weuseasingularverb.Forexample:
∙This news is veryimportant.
∙Yourluggage looks heavy.
Wedonotusuallyusetheindefinitearticle a/an withuncountablenouns.Wecannotsay"aninformation"or"amusic".Butwecansay a"something"of:
∙apieceof news
∙abottleof water
∙agrainof rice
Wecanuse some and any withuncountablenouns:
∙I'vegot some money.
∙Haveyougot any rice?
Wecanuse alittle and much withuncountablenouns:
∙I'vegot alittle money.
∙Ihaven'tgot much rice.
Herearesomemoreexamplesofcountableanduncountablenouns:
Countable
Uncountable
dollar
money
song
music
suitcase
luggage
table
furniture
battery
electricity
bottle
wine
report
information
tip
advice
journey
travel
job
work
view
scenery
NounsthatcanbeCountableandUncountable
Sometimes,thesamenouncanbecountable and uncountable,oftenwithachangeofmeaning.
Countable
Uncountable
Therearetwohairsinmycoffee!
hair
Idon'thavemuchhair.
Therearetwolightsinourbedroom.
light
Closethecurtain.There'stoomuchlight!
Shhhhh!
IthoughtIheardanoise.
Therearesomanydifferentnoisesinthecity.
noise
It'sdifficulttoworkwhenthereissomuchnoise.
Haveyougotapapertoread?
(newspaper)
Handmethosestudentpapers.
paper
Iwanttodrawapicture.Haveyougotsomepaper?
Ourhousehassevenrooms.
room
Isthereroomformetosithere?
Wehadagreattimeattheparty.
HowmanytimeshaveItoldyouno?
time
Haveyougottimeforacupofcoffee?
Macbeth isoneofShakespeare'sgreatestworks.
work
Ihavenomoney.Ineedwork!
TIP:
Drinks(coffee,water,orangejuice)areusuallyuncountable.Butifwearethinkingofacuporaglass,wecansay(inarestaurant,forexample):
Twoteasandonecoffeeplease.
PartitiveStructurewithUncountableNouns
Tocountorquantifyanuncountablenounweuseaunitofmeasurement-a measureword.Forexample,wecannotusuallysay“twobreads”because“bread”isuncountable.So,ifwewanttospecifyaquantityofbreadweuseameasurewordsuchas“loaf”or“slice”inastructurelike“twoloavesofbread”or“twoslicesofbread”.Wecallthisstructurea partitivestructure.
partitivestructure:
quantity
measureword
of
uncountablenoun
examples:
two
cups
of
coffee
several
games
of
tennis
a
drop
of
water
Wecanusethesameuncountablenounindifferentpartitiveexpressionswithdifferentmeanings.Forexample, aloafofbread and asliceofbread arepartitiveexpressionswithdifferentmeanings.A loaf ofbreadiswhatwecallawholeunitofbreadthatwebuyfromabaker.A slice ofbreadiswhatwecallasmallerunitofbread after ithasbeencutfromaloaf.
Herearesomemoreexamples:
∙Don'tforgettobuy abagofrice whenyougoshopping.
∙CanIhave onecupofcoffee and twocupsoftea.
∙Thepolicefound someitemsofclothing scatteredaroundthefloor.
∙Ineedatruckthatwilltakeatleast threepiecesoffurniture.
∙You'dthink atablespoonofhoney wouldbemorethanenough.
MeasureWordswithUncountableNouns
Thislistshowssomecommonmeasurewordslike "a bar of" or "a piece of" thatweuseto"measure"uncountablenouns.
∙a bag offlour|rice|golddust
∙a bar ofchocolate|gold|soap
∙a bottle ofCoke|milk|water|wine
∙a bowl ofcereal|rice|soup
∙a box ofcereal|paper
∙a can ofcream|meat|tuna
∙a
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