电动混合动力和氢燃料车辆的技术由可再生能源转换的电力外文翻译本科学位论文.docx
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电动混合动力和氢燃料车辆的技术由可再生能源转换的电力外文翻译本科学位论文.docx
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电动混合动力和氢燃料车辆的技术由可再生能源转换的电力外文翻译本科学位论文
英文资料与翻译
Technologiesforelectric,hybridandhydrogenvehicles:
Electricityfromrenewableenergysourcesintransport
Abstract
Thearticleanalysesandcompareselectricityandhydrogenastransportationfuels.Theanalysisincludesaspectssuchastheenergyutilizationfromgridtowheels,vehiclerange(linkedtothephysicalpropertiesoftheonboardstorage),costs,anddurability(particularlyofbatteries).Thearticleconcludesthatitisnotpossibletoidentifyoneoptionasthebestchoicegiventhewiderangeofaspectstoconsiderandthesubstantialuncertainties.Thereisnoclearcutprioritybetweenthemainoptionseelectric,hybridorhydrogen/fuelcelldriveeorwithinthese.Ontheotherhand,theanalysisalsoidentifiesoptionsthatareclearlynotadvantageousintermsofenergyefficiency,e.g.hydrogenininternalcombustionenginesorliquidhydrogen.
1.Introduction
Usually,akeyinstrumentinstrategiestopromotesustainabletransportistheintroductionofalternativefuels.Frequently,theprincipalobjectiveofintroducingadifferentenergycarrieristoutiliseitforintroducingrenewableenergysourcesintothetransportsectorand/orimprovingenergysecuritybyreducingthedependenceonoil.Inthiscontext,themainoptionsasregardsenergycarriersforrenewableenergysourcesareelectricity,hydrogen,bio-fuelsandbiogas.
Regardlessoftheirrespectivestrengthsandweaknesses,asenergycarriersinthetransportsector,electricityandhydrogenhaveincommonthestrengthsofhavinghighflexibilitywithrespecttoprimaryenergysourcesandthepossibilityofselectingbetweenseveralrenewableenergysources.Incontrast,liquidbio-fuelsandbiogas,whicharefrequentlyseenasmoreimmediatelyapplicablealternativefueloptionsintheshortterm,areinpractice(withacceptableconversionefficiencies)confinedtoaquitelimitedresourcebaseofbiomass.Sincetheseenergycarrierscanrelativelyeasilybegeneratedfromfossilfuels,thelimitedresourcebaseposesarealisticrisk,forinstanceincasethedemandforbio-fuels/biogasoutstripstheproductioncapacity.
Thechoicebetweenhydrogenandelectricityasfuels,andbetweentheirdifferentpaths,isacomplexevaluationofvariousaspects,alsoinvolvingassumptionsonthelong-termdevelopmentoftechnologieswithverydifferentdevelopmenttrends,asseentoday.Theevaluationisfurthercomplicatedbythefactthattheelectricity/hydrogenformspartoftheelectricitysupplysystemandcanonlyfullybeanalysedinthiscontext.
Thisarticleillustratessomeoftheproblemsinthiscontext,highlightingissuesofparticularimportance:
energyefficiency,range,costs,anddurability,amongothers.Itconcentratesonthevehicleandthegenerationoffuels,anddoesnotincludesystemsanalysisoftheelectricitysystem.Insteadthearticleintendstoraisevehicle/fuel-relatedissuesthataresignificantforsuchananalysis.Anoverallconclusionisthatitisnotpossibletomakesimplerecommendationsonthechoicebetweenelectric,hybridandhydrogenvehiclesepartlybecauseofthedifficultiesinassessingthedifferentdimensions,andpartlybecauseconsiderablevariationsexistbetweenthedifferentpathswithinthemainoptions.
2.Overviewoffuelcycleofelectricityandhydrogen
Electricitymaybeusedeitherdirectlyasfuelinbatteryelectricvehiclesorplug-inhybrid-electricvehicles,orbeconvertedintohydrogenandappliedininternalcombustionengine-basedvehiclesorinfuelcellvehicles.Acommonfeature,exceptfortheinternalcombustionenginevehicle,isthattheycanbeperceivedasvariationsofelectricdrive,inwhichtheelectricityiseithersuppliedfromthegridviaabattery(orsimilarelectricstoragetechnologies)orgeneratedonboardeitherinaninternalcombustionengine(theplug-inhybrid)orinafuelcell.
Ifelectricityisusedasfuelinbattery-electricvehicles(BEV),thisistypicallysuppliedfromthepublicgrid,storedonboardthevehicle(typicallyinbatteries)andusedinelectricmotordrives.Inprinciple,therechargingcanbeachievedthoughexistingsockets,andinthiscasetheinfrastructureisveryinexpensive.Thisis,however,asolutionwhichimposesmanyrestrictionsontheplaceandspeedoftherecharging.Hence,inpractice,morerequirementsandcostswillbelinkedtothisoption,particularlyiffastrechargeisrequiredandiftheelectricityconsumptionneedstobemonitored.Thisisusuallyaveryenergyefficientoption.
Hybrid-electricvehicles(HEV)arecharacterisedbyhavingbothelectricmotorsandinternalcombustionenginesinitsdrivesystem(Graham,2001;Duvall,2002;Gage,2003;LipmanandDelucchi,2003;Boschert,2006).Theplug-inhybridelectricvehicle(PHEV)isahybridwhichcanberechargedfromthegrid.ItcanbeperceivedasaBEVsu
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- 关 键 词:
- 电动 混合 动力 燃料 车辆 技术 可再生能源 转换 电力 外文 翻译 本科 学位 论文