英语六级试题.docx
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英语六级试题.docx
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英语六级试题
PartⅠWriting(30minutes)
注意:
此部分试题在答题卡1上。
PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesen-tenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
IntotheUnknown
Theworldhasneverseenpopulationageingbefore.Canitcope?
Untiltheearly1990snobodymuchthoughtaboutwholepopulationsgettingolder.TheUNhadtheforesighttoconvenea“worldassemblyonageing”backin1982,butthatcameandwent.By1994theWorldBankhadnoticedthatsomethingbigwashappening.Inareportentitled“AvertingtheOldAgeCrisis”,itarguedthatpensionarrangementsinmostcountrieswereunsustainable.
Forthenexttenyearsasuccessionofbooks,mainlybyAmericans,soundedthealarm.TheyhadtitleslikeYoungvs.Old,GrayDawnandTheComingGenerationalStorm,andtheirmessagewasblunt;health-caresystemswereheadingfortherocks,pensionersweretakingyoungpeopletothecleaners,andsoontherewouldbeintergenerationalwarfare.
Sincethenthedebatehasbecomelessemotional,notleastbecausealotmoreisknownaboutthesubject.Books,conferencesandresearchpapershavemultiplied.InternationalorganizationssuchastheOECDandtheEUissueregularreports.Populationageingisoneveryagenda,fromG8economicconferencestoNATOsummits.TheWorldEconomicForumplanstoconsiderthefutureofpensionsandhealthcareatitsprestigiousDavosconferenceearlynextyear.Themedia,includingthisnewspaper,aregivingthesubjectextensivecoverage.
Whetherallthatattentionhastranslatedintosufficientactionisanotherquestion.Governmentsinrichcountriesnowacceptthattheirpensionandhealth-carepromiseswillsoonbecomeunaffordable,andmanyofthemhaveembarkedonreforms,butsofaronlytimidly.Thatisnotsurprising:
politicianswithaneyeonthenextelectionwillhardlyrushtointroduceunpopularmeasuresthatmaynotbearfruitforyears,perhapsdecades.
Theoutlineofthechangesneededisclear.Toavoidfiscal(财政的)meltdown,publicpensionsandhealth-careprovisionwillhavetobereinedbackseverelyandtaxesmayhavetogoup.Byfarthemosteffectivemethodtorestrainpensionspendingistogivepeopletheopportunitytoworklinger,becauseitincreasestaxrevenuesandreducesspendingonpensionsatthesametime.Itmayevenkeepthemalivelonger.JohnRother,theAARP’sheadofpolicyandstrategy,pointstostudiesshowingthatotherthingsbeingequalpeoplewhoremainatworkhavelowerdeathratesthantheirretiredpeers.
Youngerpeopletodaymostlyacceptthattheywillhavetoworkforlongerandthattheirpensionswillbelessgenerous.Employersstillneedtobepersuadedthatolderworkersareworthholdingonto.Thatmaybebecausetheyhavehadplentyofyoungeronestochoosefrom,partlythankstothepost-warbaby-boomandpartlybecauseoverthepastfewdecadesmanymorewomenhaveenteredthelabourforce,increasingemployers’choice.Butthereservoirofwomenableandwillingtotakeuppaidworkisrunninglow,andthebaby-boomersaregoinggrey.
Inmanycountriesimmigrantshavebeenfillingsuchgapsinthelabourforceashavealreadyemerged(andrememberthattherealshortageisstillaroundtenyearsoff).Immigrationinthedeve-
6A-1
lopedworldisthehighestithaseverbeen,anditismakingausefuldifference.Instill-fertileAmericaitcurrentlyaccountsforabout40%oftotalpopulationgrowth,andinfast-ageingwesternEuropeforabout90%.
Onthefaceofit,itseemstheperfectsolution.Manydevelopingcountrieshavelotsofyoungpeopleinneedofjobs;manyrichcountriesneedhelpinghandsthatwillboosttaxrevenuesandkeepupeconomicgrowth.Butoverthenextfewdecadeslabourforcesinrichcountriesaresettoshrinksomuchthatinflowsofimmigrantswouldhavetoincreaseenormouslytocompensate:
toatleasttwicetheircurrentsizeinwesternEurope’smostyouthfulcountries,andthreetimesintheolderones.Japanwouldneedalargemultipleofthefewimmigrants.Ithasatpresent.Publicopinionpollsshowthatpeopleinmostrichcountriesalreadythinkthatimmigrationistoohigh.Furtherbigincreaseswouldbepoliticallyunfeasible.
Totackletheproblemofageingpopulationsatitsroot,“old”countrieswouldhavetorejuvenate(使年轻)themselvesbyhavingmoreoftheirownchildren.Anumberofthemhavetriedsomemoresuccessfullythanothers.Butitisnotasimplematterofofferingfinancialincentivesorprovidingmorechildcare.Modernurbanlifeinrichcountriesisnotwelladaptedtolargefamilies.Womenfindithardtocombinefamilyandcareer.Theyoftencompromisebyhavingjustonechild.
Andiffertilityinageingcountriesdoesnotpickup?
Itwillnotbetheendoftheworld,atleastnotforquiteawhileyet,buttheworldwillslowlybecomeadifferentplace.Oldersocietiesmaybelessinnovativeandmorestronglydisinclinedtotakerisksthanyoungerones.By2025atthelatest,abouthalfthevotersinAmericaandmostofthoseinwesternEuropeancountrieswillbeover50andolderpeopleturnouttovoteinmuchgreaternumberthanyoungerones.Academicstudieshavefoundnoevidencesofarthatoldervotershaveusedtheirpowerattheballotboxtopushforpoliciesthatspecificallybenefitthem,thoughifinfuturetherearemanymoreofthemtheymightstartdoingso.
Noristhereanysignoftheintergenerationalwarfarepredictedinthe1990s.Afterall,olderpeoplethemselvesmostlyhavefamilies.Inarecentstudyofparentsandgrown-upchildrenin11Europeancountries,KarstenHankofMannheimUniversityfoundthat85%ofthemlivedwithin25kmofeachotherandthemajorityofthemwereintouchatleastonceaweek.
Evenso,theshiftinthecentreofgravitytoolderagegroupsisboundtohaveaprofoundeffectonsocieties,notjusteconomicallyandpoliticallybutinallsortsofotherwaystoo.RichardJacksonandNeilHoweofAmerica’sCSIS,inathoughtfulbookcalledTheGrayingoftheGreatPowers,arguethat,amongotherthingstheageingofthedevelopedcountrieswillhaveanumberofserioussecurityimplications.
Forexample,theshortageofyoungadultsislikelytomakecountriesmorereluctanttocommitthefewtheyhavetomilitaryservice.Inthedecadesto2050,Americawillfinditselfplayinganever-increasingroleinthedevelopedworld’sdefenseeffort.BecauseAmerica’spopulationwillstillbegrowingwhenthatofmostotherdevelopedcountriesisshrinking,Americawillbetheonlydevelopedcountrythatstillmattersgeopolitically(地缘政治上).
Askmein2020
Thereislittlethatcanbedonetostoppopulationageing,sotheworldwillhavetolivewithit.Butsomeoftheconsequencescanbealleviated.Manyexpertsnowbelievethatgiventherightpolicies,theeffects,thoughgrave,neednotbecatastrophic.Mostcountrieshaverecognizedtheneedtodosomethingandarebeginningtoact.
Buteventhenthereisnoguaranteethattheireffortswillwork.Whatishappeningnowishistoricallyunprecedented.RonaldLee,directoroftheCentreontheEconomicsandDemographyofAgeingattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,putsitbrieflyandclearly:
“Wedon’treallyknowwhatpopulationageingwillbelike,becausenobodyhasdoneityet.”
6A-2
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。
1.Inits1994report,theWorldBankarguedthatthecurrentpensionsysteminmostcountries
could.
A)notbesustainedinthelongterm
B)furtheracceleratetheageingprocess
C)hardlyhaltthegrowthofpopulation
D)helptideoverthecurrentageingcrisis
2.WhatmessageisconveyedinbookslikeYoungvs.Old?
A)Thegenerationgapisboundtonarrow.
B)Intergenerationalconflictswillintensify.
C)Theyoungergenerationwillbeattheold.
D)Oldpeopleshouldgivewaytotheyoung.
3.Onereasonwhypensionandhealthcarereformsareslowincomingisthat.
A)nobodyknowswillingtosacrificetheirownintereststotackletheproblem
B)mostpeopleareagainstmeasuresthatwillnotbearfruitimmediately
C)theproposedreformswillaffecttoomanypeople’sinterests
D)politiciansareafraidoflosingvotesinthenextelection
4.Theauthorbelievesthemosteffectivemethodtosolvethepensioncrisisisto.
A)allowpeopletoworklonger
B)increasetaxrevenues
C)cutbackonhealthcareprovisions
D)startreformsrightaway
5.Thereasonwhyemployersareunwillingtokeepolderworkersisthat.
A)theyaregenerallydifficulttomanage
B)thelongertheywork,thehighertheirpension
C)theirpayishigherthanthatofyoungerones
D)youngerworkersarereadilyavailable
6.Tocompensateforthefast-shrinkinglabourforce,Japanwouldneed.
A)toreviseitscurrentpopulationcontrolpolicy
B)largenumbersofimmigrantsfromoverseas
C)toautomateitsmanufacturingandserviceindustries
D)apoliticallyfeasiblepolicyconcerningpopulation
7.Whydomanywomeninrichcountriescompromisebyhavingonlyonechild?
A)Smallfamiliesarebecomingmorefashionable.
B)Theyfindithardtobalancecareerandfamily.
C)Itistooexpensivetosupportalargefamily.
D)Childcareistoobigaproblemforthem.
8.Comparedwithyoungerones,oldersocietiesarelessinclinedto.
9.Thepredictedintergenerationalwarfareisunlikelybecausemostoftheolderpeoplethem-
selves.
10.Countriesthathaveashortageofyoungadultswillbelesswillingtocommitthemto.
6A-3
PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)
SectionA
Directions:
Inthissection,y
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