英语 关于铁道.docx
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英语 关于铁道.docx
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英语关于铁道
英语铁道
Railroad
Keywords:
railroad,environment,terminal,station,train
RailroadsreshapedtheNorthAmericanenvironmentandreorientedNorthAmericanbehavior."Inaquarterofacentury,"claimedtheOmahaDailyRepublicanin1883,"theyhavemadethepeopleoftheUnitedStateshomogeneous,breakingthroughthepeculiaritiesandprovincialismswhichmarkedseparateandunminglingsections."
Therailroadsimultaneouslystrippedthelandscapeofthenaturalresources,madevelocityoftransportandeconomyofscalenecessarypartsofindustrialproduction,andcarriedconsumergoodstohouseholds;itdispatchedimmigrantstounsettledplaces,drewemigrantsawayfromfarmsandvillagestocities,andsentmenandgunstobattle.Itstandardizedtimeandtravel,seekingtoannihilatedistanceandspacebyallowingmovementatanytimeandinanyseasonortypeofweather.Initsgrandandimpressiveterminalsandstations,architectsrecreatedhistoricRomantemplesandpublicbaths,FrenchchateausandItalianbelltowers-edificesthatpeopleusedasstagesformanyofeverydaylife'shighemotions:
meetingandparting,waitingandworrying,planningnewstartsorcominghome.
Passengerterminals,liketheluxuryexpresstrainsthathurledpeopleoverspots,spotlighttheromanceofrailroading.(Thetwentieth-CenturyLimitedspedbetweenChicagoandNewYorkintwentyhoursby1915).Equallyimportanttoeverydaylifeweretheslowfreighttrainschuggingthroughindustrialzones,themorningandeveningcommuterlocalsshuttlingbackionsandurbanterminals,andtheincessantcomingsandgoingsthatoccurredintheclassification,orswitching,yards.Moreover,inadditiontoitsbeingatransportationpathwayequippedwithamammothphysicalplantoftrackssignals,crossings,bridges,andjunctions,plustelegraphandtelephonelinestherailroadnurturedfactorycomplexes,coatpiles,warehouses,andgeneratingstations,formingalongitsright-of-waywhathasaptlybeencalled"themetropolitancorridor"oftheAmericanlandscape.
40.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Theinfluenceofancientarchitectureonthedesignofrailroadterminals
(B)Theimportanceofnaturalresourcesinthedevelopmentofrailroads
(C)Therailroad'simpactondailylifeintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcentury
(D)Technologicalimprovementsintheareaofcommunicationinthenineteenthcentury
41.ItcanbeinferredfromthequotefromtheOmahaDailyRepublican(lines2-5)thatrailroads
(A)madeallsectionsofthenationmuchwealthier
(B)broughtmoreunitytowhathadbeenaframentednation
(C)reduceddependenceonnaturalresources
(D)hadnoeffectontheenvironmentoftheUnitedStates
42.Theword"it"inline7refersto
(A)transport
(B)scale
(C)production
(D)railroad
43.Theword"drew"inline8isclosestinmeaningto
(A)obliged
(B)designed
(C)helped
(D)attracted
44.Theword"annihilate"inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(A)conquer
(B)utilize
(C)separate
(D)mechanize
45.Theword"Moreover"inline20isclosestinmeaningto
(A)consequently
(B)furthermore
(C)although
(D)because
46.AllofthefollowingweretrueofimpressivepassengerterminalsEXCEPT:
(A)TheirarchitecturewasinfluencedbythearchitectureofEurope.
(B)Luxuryexpresstrainstraveledbetweenthem.
(C)Theywereusuallylocatedinsmalltowns.
(D)Theywereimportanttomanycommuters.
47.Accordingtothepassage,whichtypeofdevelopmentlinedtheareaalongthemetropolitancorridor?
(A)Storesandshoppingareas
(B)Recreationalareas
(C)Industrial
(D)Agricultural
48.Theword"aptly"inline24isclosestinmeaningto
(A)appropriately
(B)virtually
(C)consistently
(D)incessantly
49.TheauthormentionstheTwentieth-CenturyLimitedasanexampleof
(A)afreighttrain
(B)acommutertrain
(C)aluxurytrain
(D)anundergroundtrain
50.Theauthorgivesasynonymforwhichofthefollowingwords?
(A)Homogeneous(line3)
(B)Standardized(Line9)
(C)Temples(line11)
(D)Classification(line20)
TheMeteoricRiseofLosAngeles
Keywords:
UnitedStates,city,LosAngeles,automobiles,refiningcenter
In1900theUnitedStateshadonlythreecitieswithmorethanamillionresidents-NewYork,Chicago,andPhiladelphia.By1930,ithadtengiantmetropolises.Theneweronesexperiencedremarkablegrowth,whichreflectedbasicchangesintheeconomy.ThepopulationofLosAngeles(114,000in1900)rosespectacularlyintheearlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury,increasingadramatic1,400percentfrom1900to1930.
AnumberofcircumstancescontributedtothemeteoricriseofLosAngeles.Theagriculturalpotentialoftheareawasenormousifwaterforirrigationcouldbefound,andthecityfoundershadthevisionanddatingtoobtainitbyconstructinga225-mileaqueduct,completedin1913,totapthewateroftheOwensRiver.Thecityhadasuperbnaturalharbor,aswellasexcellentrailconnections.Theclimatemadeitpossibletoshootmotionpicturesyear-round;henceHollywood.Hollywoodnotonlysuppliedjobs;itdisseminatedanimageofthegoodlifeinSouthernCaliforniaonscreensallacrossthenation.ThemostimportantsingleindustrypoweringthegrowthofLosAngeles,however,wasdirectlylinkedtotheautomobile.ThedemandforpetroleumtofuelgasolineenginesledtotheopeningoftheSouthernCaliforniaoilfields,andmadeLosAngelesNorthAmerica'sgreatestrefiningcenter.
LosAngeleswasaproductoftheautoageinanothersenseaswell:
itsdistinctivespatialorganizationdependedonwidespreadprivateownershipofautomobiles.LosAngeleswasadecentralizedmetropolis,sprawlingacrossthedesertlandscapeoveranareaof400squaremiles.Itwasacitywithoutarealcenter.Thedowntownbusinessdistrictdidnotgrowapacewiththecityasawhole,andtherapidtransitsystemdesignedtolinkthecenterwithoutlyingareaswitheredawayfromdisuse.Approximately800,000carswereregisteredinLosAngelesCountyin1930,oneper2.7residents.SomevisitorsfromtheeastcoastweredismayedattheendlessurbansprawlanddismissedLosAngelesasamerecollectionofsuburbsinsearchofacity.Butthefreedomandmobilityofacitybuiltonwheelsattractedfloodsofmigrantstothecity.
40.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
(A)ThegrowthofcitiesintheUnitedStatesintheearly1900's
(B)ThedevelopmentoftheSouthernCaliforniaoilfields
(C)FactorscontributingtothegrowthofLosAngeles
(D)IndustryandcityplanninginLosAngeles
41.TheauthorcharacterizesthegrowthofnewlargecitiesintheUnitedStatesafter1900asresultingprimarilyfrom
(A)neweconomicconditions
(B)imagesofcitiesshowninmovies
(C)newagriculturaltechniques
(D)alargemigrantpopulation
42.Theword"meteoric"inline6isclosestinmeaningto
(A)rapid
(B)famous
(C)controversial
(D)methodical
43.Theword"it"inline8refersto
(A)aqueduct
(B)vision
(C)water
(D)agriculturalpotential
44.Accordingtothepassage,themostimportantfactorinthedevelopmentofagriculturearoundLosAngeleswasthe
(A)influxofnewresidentstoagriculturalareasnearthecity
(B)constructionofanaqueduct
(C)expansionoftransportationfacilities
(D)developmentofnewconnectionstothecity'snaturalharbor
45.Accordingtothepassage,theinitialsuccessofHollywood'smotionpictureindustrywasduelargelytothe
(A)availabilityofmanyskilledworkers
(B)beautyofthecountryside
(C)region'sreputationforluxuriouslifestyles
(D)region'sclimateandgoodweather
46.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatin1930thegreatestnumberofpeopleintheLosAngelesareawereemployedin
(A)farming
(B)oilrefining
(C)automobilemanufacturing
(D)themotionpictureindustry
47.Accordingtothepassage,theSouthernCaliforniaoilfieldswereinitiallyexploiteddueto
(A)thefuelrequirementsofLosAngeles'srailsystem
(B)anincreaseintheuseofgasolineenginesinNorthAmerica
(C)adesiretoputunproductivedesertlandtogooduse
(D)innovativeplanningonthepartofthecityfounders
48.Thephrase"apacewith"inline21isclosestinmeaningto
(A)anewwith
(B)apartfrom
(C)asfastas
(D)atthemiddleof
49.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthespatialorganizationofLosAngelescontributedtotherelativedeclinethereof
(A)publictransportation
(B)industrialareas
(C)suburbanneighborhoods
(D)oilfields
50.ThevisitorsfromtheeastcoastmentionedinthepassagethoughtthatLosAngeles
(A)wasnotaccuratelyportrayedbyHollywoodimages
(B)lackedgoodsuburbanareasinwhichtolive
(C)hadanexcessivelylargepopulation
(D)wasnotreallyasinglecity
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