托福作文词汇句型修辞教师版.docx

托福作文词汇句型修辞教师版.docx

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托福作文词汇句型修辞教师版

一．语言和修辞

如果说写作的初级阶段还只是要求语法结构没有错误，用词基本正确，而写作的更高要求则不只是看你能否表达思想，而是要看你能否表达得更生动、耐读、有效、地道。

《大学英语》第五册的第一课是写给学英语的高年级学生看的。

作者Fowler在文章中写道：

在学生掌握了基本语法和基本词汇后，如何进一步提高英语水平，写出好文章?

其中一条就是看你对一个意思有多少种表达。

表达的方式越多，你的英语水平就越高，英语文章就越显得生动、耐读。

显然，追求表达的变化（Variety）是五段作文所要求的。

具体说来，表达的变化主要指词的变化和句子的变化以及修辞手段的运用。

词汇变化

1．多种表达

尽管许多大学生学完四级英语后基本掌握了4000个以上的词汇，但只这是认知、识别而言，而就产出交流来说，就少得多了。

一遇到要表达“许多”“大量”的意思，就只会用“many”，“alotof”，一碰到要写“越来越多”，就马上用moreandmore。

比如：

“MoreandmorepeoplewhobecomemoreandmorerichcanbuymoreandmoreTVsets”这种用词单调的句子在学生习作中随处可见。

实际上英语中表示“许多”、“大量”、“大多数”意思的有相当多的词汇和短语：

a）Greatnessisbuiltupontremendousamountofstudy,practiceanddevotion.

b）AChinesephilosopheronceremarkedthataleadermusthavethegraceofagooddancer,andthereisagreatdealofwisdomtothis.

c）Thecompaniesoftenrunintoconflicts--amultitudeoflittlethingsthatescalateintobigbattles.

d）Herfunctionistopassontostudentsthatvaststoreofknowledgeshehasacquired.

e）Butintheeveningtheoverwhelmingmajorityofthepublicpreferstostayathometowatchamovieratherthangoout.

f）Asizablepercentageofthepioneerswereself-disciplinedpeople,buttheywerealmostasintolerantofothers'views.

g）Chinamustfacetheproblemofbuildingupwardstoaccommodatea

considerableproportionofitspopulationinhighblocksofflats.

h）Largesegmentsofthepopulationofmanydevelopingcountriesare

economicallypowerless.

i）Manyacrossthiscountryareawareofthiseffect,andaconsiderable

portionofthemarehopingamarkedreductioninthevideoviolence.

j）Anorganization,forinstance,recentlyexaminedaverylargenumberofmenworkinginaconstructionsite.

k）Thusthebulkofthelanguageacquisitionofthehighschoolgraduatetakesplaceinformallyfirstinthehome.

再如：

“好学生”，大多数学生就是用goodstudents。

而英语中表示“好学生”的有很多：

topstudents，smartstudents，giftedstudents，superiorstudents，excellentstudents，outstandingstudents

此外，表示“学生”也不一定都用students，可用schoolboysandgirls或collegepopulations等等。

问题不在于这个表达比那个表达更好，而在于变化，也就是说，在一篇文章中尽可能用不同的词来表达同一个意思。

我们来看下面一些词语变化的实际应用。

1）TheprincipalofagreatPhiladelphiahighschoolisdriventocryforhelpincombatingthenotionthatitisundemocratictorunaspecialprogramofstudiesforoutstandingboysandgirls.Again,whenagoodindependentschoolinMemphisrecentlyclosed,somethoughtfulcitizensurgedthatitbetakenoverbythepublicschoolsystemandusedforboysandgirlsofhighability,thatithaveentrancerequirementsandgivenanadvancedprogramofstudiestosuperiorstudentswhowereinterestedandabletotakeit.

--SeymourSt.John:

TheFifthFreedom

好学校:

agreathighschool,agoodindependentschool

高级课程:

aspecialprogramofstudies,anadvancedprogramofstudies

好学生:

outstandingboysandgirls,boysandgirlsofhighability,superiorstudents

2）Hardworkisn'tthewholestoryeither.Someofthesehigh-achievingstudentsactuallyputinfewerhoursthantheirlower-scoringclassmates.Thestudentsatthetopoftheclassgettherebymasteringafewbasictechniquesthatotherscaneasilylearn.Here,accordingtoeducationexpertsandstudentsthemselves,arethesecretsofAstudents.

--EdwinKiester:

SecretsofAStudents

成绩优秀学生:

high-achievingstudents,Thestudentsatthetopoftheclass,Astudents

3）IsthesoleaimofmostAmericanstomakemoneyandpossessluxurieswhichcouldbecalledexcessive?

ThemajorityofAmericanswouldcertainlydenythis,thoughmostfeelproudtoamasswealthandpossessionsthroughhardwork.

--TheAmericanCharacter

大多数美国人:

mostAmericans,ThemajorityofAmericans

积聚财富:

makemoneyandpossessluxuries,amasswealthandpossessions

4）Indeed,asoneimaginetheundergroundworldtobecomeincreasinglyelaborate,onecanvisualizemuchofthefoodsupplyeventuallyderivingfromhydroponicsgrowthinartificiallyilluminatedareasunderground.

--IsaacAsimov想象：

imagine,visualize

5）Thepressandtelevisionkeepshowingusthefaultsofthepublicfigures,untilwelosefaithandstartlookingfordefectsinanypersonwhoseemsworthyofrespect.Inaneighbororastatesman,wetrytodiscovertheweaknessesoruglymotivesthataresurelyhidingbehindhisnobleactions.

--AChangingScene

缺点:

faults,defects,weaknesses

6）Retirementoftenbringsmanyproblemssurroundingthe"WhatdoIdowithmyselftoday?

"question,eventhoughtheremaybenofinancialcares.Largenumbersofpeopleregularlygetheadachesandotherill-nessesonweekendswhentheydon'thavetheirjobstogoto,andmustfendforthemselves.Ithasbeenobservedthatunemployment,quitea-sidefromexertingfinancialpressures,bringsenormouspsychologicaltroublesandthatmanyindividualsdeterioraterapidlywhenjobless.

--LonardR.Sayles

问题:

problems,question,trouble

经济拮据:

financialcares,financialpressures

许多:

many,enormous,largenumbersof

人:

people,individuals

失业:

unemployment,jobless

7）Aseniorexecutive'sinstinctivecapacitytoempathizewithandgaininsightsfromcustomersisthesinglemostimportantskillheorshecanusetodirecttechnologies,productandserviceofferings,indeed,allelementsofacompany'sstrategicposture.PeoplelikeBillGatesbroughtthisabilitytotheenterprisestheyfounded.Withoutit,theirventuresmighthavebeenshort-livedoratleastfarlesssuccessful.Butmanytop-levelmanagers,particularlythoseatindustrialcompanies,considercustomercontactthebailiwickofsalesandmarketingstaff.

《现代英汉翻译操作》

高级经理:

seniorexecutive,top-levelmanagers

公司企业:

companies,ventures,enterprises.

能力:

capacity,skill,ability

8）Thepersonalcomputerrevolutionhappenedandithasaffectedmillionsoflives.Ithasledustoplaceswehadbarelyimagined.Weareallbeginninganothergreatjourney.Wearen'tsurewherethisonewillleaduseither,butagainIamcertainthisrevolutionwilltouchevenmorelivesandtakeusallfarther.ThebenefitsandproblemsarisingfromthisupcomingcommunicationsrevolutionwillbemuchgreaterthanthosebroughtaboutbythePCrevolution.

--BillGates

影响:

affect,touch

把我们带到:

leadus,takeus

引起:

arisingfrom,broughtabout

9）Whatwasitthatenabledthemtobecomegreat?

Weretheybornwithsomethingspecial?

OrdidtheirgreatnesshavemoretodoWithtiming,devotionand,perhaps,anuncompromisingpersonality?

...Aneversurrenderattitude.Ifgreatachieversshareanything,itisaunrelentingdrivetosucceed.Thereisatendencytothinkthattheyareendowedwithsomethingsuper-normal.

--MichaelRyan

天生:

bebornwith,beendowedwith

特别的:

somethingspecial,somethingsupernormal

永不屈服的精神:

Aneversurrenderattitude,anunrelentingdrivetosucceed

伟人:

becomegreat,greatachievers

10）Asachild,Einsteinbecamefascinatedwiththewaymagnetsaredrawntometal."Hecouldn'tstopthinkingaboutthisstuff",Simontonpointedout."Hebecameobsessedwithproblemsinphysicsbythetimehewas16,andheneverstoppedworkingoutthem.

--MichaelRyan

迷住:

becamefascinatedwith,becameobsessedwith

思考研究:

thinkabout,workout

11）Childrenareentitledtospecialconsiderationfortworeasons:

helplessnessandinnocence.Theyhavenotyetacquiredeitherthefacultyofreasonorthewisdomofexperience.Consequently,theyaredefenselessandblameless.That'swhywegrantthemspecialprotection.Inanemergency,itisourdutytosavethemfirstbecausethey,helpless,haveputtheirlivesinourhands.Andinwartime,theyaresupposedtobeprotectedbyspecialimmunitybecausetheycanhavethreatenedoroffendednoone.

--CharlesKmuthammer

受特别保护:

beentitledtospecialconsideration,grantthemspecialprotection,protectedbyspecialimmunity

无助:

helplessness,defenseless,haveputtheirlivesinourhands

无辜:

innocence,blameless,threatenedoroffendednoone

12）Atypicalexampleofthisabilityisthecaseofawomanwhoclaimsthatherintuitionpreventedeachofherfivechildrenfromseriousmishaps.Anotherinterestingillustrationofthissixsenseinvolvesthefamousescapeartist.

《新英语教程》第六册

举例:

exampleof,illustrationof

直觉:

intuition,sixsense

13）Thedeafeningnoise,andtheglareoftheenginefire,wouldhavea

hadeffectonnerves.Further,beingmovedthroughtheairatahigh

speedwoulddogreatinjurytodelicatelungs.Thesuddenplungingof

atrainintothedarknessofatunnel,andtheequallysuddenrushinto

fulldaylight,wouldcausegreatdamagetoeyesight.

损害:

haveabadeffecton,dogreatinjuryto,causegreatdamageto

冲进:

plunge,rush

14）Whenparentsurgetheirchildrentostudyhardandgetgoodgrades,

thechildrenknowthatthepayoffwillnotbesocialacceptancebytheir

schoolmates.Therewardsarenotconsistentwithvaluestaughtathome.

回报:

payoff,rewards

15）Beyondcheckingthereportforclarityandaccuracyinthepresentationoftheresult,youshouldalsoreviewitforbasicgrammaticalandmechanicalaccuracy.

检查:

check,review

16）Thisnewcivilizationbringswithitnewfamilystyles;changedways

ofworking,loving,andliving;aneweconomy;newpoliticalconflicts;

andbeyondallthisanalteredconsciousnessaswell.

新的:

new,changed,altered

17）Asianparentsareabletoinstillmoremotivationintheirchildren.

Buthowtheyimbuetheiroffspringwiththiskindofmotivation.

灌输:

instill,imbue

instillasenseofresponsibilityinchildren给孩子灌输责任意识

beimbuedwithambition满怀雄心

孩子:

children,offspring

18）Thequestionofwhatistobedonetoregulateandcontrolexploitationoftheseabedsisnolongeratheoreticalmatter.Itisaproblemofinternationalconcern.

问题:

question,matter,problem

19）Nowadays,weneverallowourselvestheconvenienceofbeingtemporarilyunavailable,eventostrangers.