英美文化.docx
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英美文化.docx
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英美文化
1.KingArthur
It'ssaidthathewasthekingofEnglandinthe5thcenturyanduntiedtheBritishanddrovetheSaxonsbackwithhismagicalsword.Excalibur.hisrealexistenceisstillindoubt.Heisthecenterfigureofmanylegends.
2.Puritanism
PuritanswerethosewhofollowedthedoctrineofjohnCalvinandwanttopurifythechurchofEngland.theybelievethathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.somewereGold'schosenpeoplewhileothersweredammedtohell.nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.thesignofbeingGods'electwasthesuccessinhisworkortheprosperityinhiscalling.TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod'swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.thesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.
3.ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritain
TherearethreetraditionsofChristmaswhichareparticularlyBritain:
oneistheChristmaspantomime,acomicalmusicalplay,Themainmalecharacterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhilethemainfemalecharacter,oftenanuglywomencalled"theDame",isplayedbyaman,AnotherBritishChristmastraditionistoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthetelevisionandradio,AthirdBritishtraditionisBoxingday,whichfallsonthedayafterChristmas.traditionally,itwasonBoxingdaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstafforservants,nowthatthemostBritishpeopledonothaveservants.thiscustomisnolongerobserved,however,anewboxingdaycustomhasemerged,inthecities:
shopping.shopsopenuptoselloffalltheirChristmasstockdecoration,foodcardsandgiftitemsatlowprices.p356
4.Grammarschools
It'satypeofsecondaryschoolsinBritain.Grammarschoolsselectchildrenattheageof11throughanexaminationcalled"the11-plus".thosechildrenwiththehighestmarksgotogrammarschools,Thoseschoolslayemphasisonadvancedacademicsubjectsratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschoolsandexpectmanyoftheirpupilstogoontouniverse.
5.TheBBC
ThefullnameofBBCistheBritishBroadcastingcorporation.Itwasfoundedin1927asapublicserviceradiostationandlatermovedintotelevision.IthasbeenBritish'smainpublicservicebroadcaster,ForalongtimetheBBChadmainlytwochannels.BBConespecializesinshowswithabroadappealwhileBBCtwoaimsatwiderangeofsubjectmatterandinterests,specializinginintelligentyetpopularprogrammegenres,theBBCalsoprovidestheworldservicewhichbroadcastsinEnglandand43otherlanguagesthroughouttheworld.
6.Qualitypapers
Theybelongtooneofthecategoriesofthenationaldailies.thequalitypapercarrymoreseriousandin-deptharticlesofparticularpoliticalandsocialimportance.theyalsocarryreviews.suchasBookreviews,andfeaturearticlesabouthighculture.Thesepapersarealsoreferredtoas"thebroadsheets"becausetheyareprintedonlarge-sizedpaper.thereaderofsuchnewspapersaregenerallyawell-educatedmiddleclassaudience.
7.Christmas
ChristmasorChristmasDayisaholidaycelebratingthebirthofJesus,thecentralfigureofChristianity.ItistraditionallycelebratedonDecember25bymostWesternChristianchurches.AlthoughdatingtoprobablyasearlyasAD.200,thefeastofChristmasdidnotbecomewidespreaduntiltheMiddleAges.Aspectsofcelebrationmayincludegift-giving,Christmastrees,displayofNativitysets,churchattendance,theFatherChristmas/SantaClausmyth,andfamilygatherings
8.Thehouseoflords
Thehouseoflordsconsistsofthelordsspiritual,whoareArchbishopsandmostprominentbishopsofthechurchofEngland,andtheLordstemporal,whichreferstothoselordswhoeitherhaveinheritedtheseatfromforefathersortheyhavebeenappointed.thelordsmainlyrepresentthemselvesinsteadoftheinterestofthepublic.P341
9.Comprehensiveschools
ComprehensiveschoolsarethemostpopularsecondaryschoolsinBritishtoday.suchschoolsadmitthatchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilitiesandprovideageneraleducation.publiccanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjectslikeliteraturetomorepracticalsubjectslikecooking.
10.SinnFein
SinnFeinisalegalpoliticalpartyinNorthernIrelandwhichsupporttheIRAtofightfortheunionofIreland.theleadersofSinnFeinpreferunionwithIrelandbytwincampaign,bothmilitaryandpoliticalwhichtheycallthepolicyof"theBulletandtheBallotBox",ItbelievesthatwithouttheparticipationofSinnFeinthepoliticalproblemofNorthernIrelandcannotbethoroughlysolved.p339
11."Footballhooligans"
"Footballhooligans"reflecttheviolenceassociatedwithfootball,whileallsocialclassesusedtojoininthelocalfootballmatch,itwasregardedasbeingnotallsuitableforgentlemen.VisitorsfromabroadsometimescomplainedaboutstumblingintothemidstofroughanddangerousgamewhenwalkingthestreetsofLondon,whilelocalhouseholdersandmerchantsweretroubledbyhavingtheirwindowsbrokenbystrayfootball.Drinkinghardwentalongwithplayinghard.today,Violenceisstillassociatedwithfootball."Footballhooligans"aresupportersofrivalteams.Theysometimesclashbefore,duringandaftermarchesandoccasionallyrunriotthroughthetown,Breakingwindowsandbeatingeachotherup.
12.TheBillofrightsof1689
In1689,kingJamesII'sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythepoliticiansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespecttherightsofparliament,theBillofrightswaspassedin1689toensurethatthekingwouldneverbeabletoignoretheparliament.p341
13.Checksandbalances
TheIrishsystemofgovernmentisbasedontheAmericanprincipleof"checksandbalances".thatis,thepoweroftheexecutivebranchofgovernmentcanbecheckedbythelegislature(thetwohousesofparliament)andbythejudiciary,throughcourtswhichinterpretthelaw.Enforcementisalsothepartoftheroleofthecourtsofthelaw,andisactuallycarriedoutbythepoliceforce.Bothofthelegalsystemandthepoliceforceareconceivedofasindependentofpoliticalinfluence.
14.GeorgeWashington
GeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthefoundingfathersoftheAmericanrepublic.Hewasthecommander-in-chiefofcontinentalArmyinthewarIndependenceagainsttheBritishcolonialruleandthefirstpresidentoftheUnitedstates
15.ThehouseoftheCommons
ThehouseoftheCommonsistherealcenterofBritainpoliticallifebecauseitistheplacewhereabout650electedrepresentatives(membersofparliament)makeanddebatepolicy,MpsareelectedintheGeneralElectionsandshouldrepresenttheinterestsofthepeoplevoteforthem.
16.Boxingday
ItisthedayafterChristmas.traditionally,itwasonBoxingdaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstafforservants,nowthatthemostBritishpeopledonothaveservants.thiscustomisnolongerobserved,however,anewboxingdaycustomhasemerged,inthecities:
shopping.shopsopenuptoselloffalltheirChristmasstockdecoration,foodcardsandgiftitemsatlowprices.
17.Independentshools
Independentshoolsarecommonlycalledpublicschoolswhichareactuallyprivateschoolsthatreceivetheirfundingthroughtheprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.Independentshoolsarenotpartofnationaleducationsystem.butthequalityinstructionandstandardsaremaintainedthroughvisitsfromHerMajesty’sInspectorsofSchools.thoseshoolsarerestrictedtothestudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich.
18.TheAnglo-Saxons
TheyweretwogroupsofGermanicpeopleswhosettleddowninEnglandfromthe5thcentury.theywereregardedastheancestorsoftheEnglandandthefoundersofEngland.
19.Tabloid
Atabloidisaformatnewspaperwithcolourphotosandcatchyheadlines.Tabloidareinterestedinscandalsandgossipusuallyaboutfamouspeople.theyalsocarrylotsofcrimes,sportsandsensationalhumaninterestsstoriessoastoattractreaders,storiesareshort,easytoreadandrelymoreonopinionsthanfact,theybelongtoacategoryofnationalpapersdifferentfromqualitypaper.
20,EliWhitney
EliWhitneyisaAmericaninventorwhoinventedthecottongin,whichmaderemovingtheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier.Healsobeganmanufacturingrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchangeableparts.ThiscontributedtotheAmericansystemofmassproduction.
21.Homerules
IrelandhadlongbeendominatedbyBritish.ButIrishdesireforindependentIrishstatewasneverlost."homerules"referstoacampaignforIrishcontrolofIrishaffairs.theHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914,buttheprocesswasovertakenbytheFirstWorldwarandWassuspendedfordurationofthewar.
22.migrantworkers
Manybigfarmshiretemporaryworkersonlyforaspecificchore-suchaspickingcrops.Manyofthoseseasonalworkerstravelfromfarmtofarm.stayingonlyuntilthecropsarepicked,Theyareknownasmigrantworkers
23.MainsectorsoftheBritisheconomy
theBritisheconomycanbedividedintothreemainareas:
primaryindustries,suchasagriculture,fishingandmining,secondaryindustrieswhichmanufacturecomplexgoodfromthoseprimaryproducts,andtertiary(orservice)industriessuchasbanking,insurance,tourismandtheretailing.
24.TheDeclarationofIndependence
TheDeclarationofIndependencewasmainlydraftedbyThomasJeffersonandadoptedbytheCongressonJuly4,1776,whenthepeopleof13EnglishcoloniesinNorthernAmericawerefightingfortheirfreedomandindependencefromtheBritishcolonialrule.thedocumentdeclaredthatallmenwereequalandtheywereentitledtohavesomeunalienablerightssuchaslife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.Italsoexplainedthephilosophyofgove
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