GISPlanning.docx
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GISPlanning.docx
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GISPlanning
GISPlanning
∙GIScombinesstate-of-the-arttechnicalexpertisewithabackgroundinurban
planningpracticetocreateuser-friendlyGISapplicationsontheWorldWide
Web.
∙GISPlanning'sworkhasbeenrecognizedwithmanyofthehighestawardsinthefieldsofEconomicDevelopment,GeographicInformationSystems,andInformationTechnologyincludingthe1999,2000&2001CouncilforUrbanEconomicDevelopmentGoldAwards,2001AmericanEconomicDevelopmentCouncilBestofClassaward,1998&2001ESRIAwardforBestInteractiveInternetApplicationandwinneroftheStockholmChallenge2001.
∙ItsworkhasbeenfeaturedinTheWallStreetJournal,CNN,NBC,Governing,AmericanCity&County,GovernmentTechnologyandanumberofotherqualitypublications.
∙GISPlanning'sworkisrecognizedasamodelforeconomicdevelopmentintheU.S.DepartmentofCommerceEconomicDevelopmentAdministration's"InnovativeLocalEconomicDevelopmentPrograms."
DefinitionofPlanning
∙Planningisbasicallyaboutthedevelopmentanduseofland.
∙Itistheresolutionofthemany,andoftenconflictingpressuresonlandandresources.
∙Membersplanthescientific,aestheticandorderlydispositionofland,resources,facilitiesandservices.
∙Thisisaccomplishedwithaviewtosecuringthephysical,economicandsocialefficiency,healthandwellbeingofurbanandruralcommunitiesoftheenvironment.
∙Plannersmayfocusontransportation,recreation,heritage,healthcareplanning,environmentalresearchandassessment,parksplanning,economicdevelopment,municipalplanningandregionalplanning.
∙Cityplanningistheactofprovidingamoreadequatephysicalexpressionforthecompositeidealsofgroupsofpeoplethrowntogetherbysocialandeconomicforcesinourcommunities.
∙Cityplanningisaconsciousefforttotransformourvagueidealsofcommunitylivingintoforms,whichwillaccuratelyexpresssuchideals.
∙Itissimplytheexerciseofsuchforesightaswillpromotetheorderlyandslightlydevelopmentofacityanditsenvironsalongrationallines,withproperregardforthehealthandconvenienceofthecitizensandforthecommercialandindustrialadvancementofthecommunity.
∙Planningshouldbeatoolforallocatingresourcesanddevelopingtheenvironmentinordertoeliminatethegreatinequalitiesofwealthandpowerinoursociety,ratherthantomaintainandjustifythestatusquo.
∙Urbanplanningcanbedefinedvariouslyastheformulationofalternativepatternsofurbansettlement,therationaluseofresourcestoalleviateurbanproblems,andtheprovisionofacity'sphysicalandsocialinfrastructure--transportation,utilities,housing,communityfacilities,andservices.Moresimply,itistheartofbuildingcities.
∙Todayplanningisasmuchapartoftheresponsibilityofurbangovernmentastheprovisionofservicesorthecollectionoftaxes.
∙Municipalgovernmentspreparecomprehensiveormasterplanstoguidefuturedevelopment,capitalbudgetstoprogramfutureexpendituresforservices,andzoningordinancesandsubdivisionregulationstocontroldevelopment.
∙Contemporaryurbanplanningdrawsuponmanydisciplines.
∙Thesocialsciencesquantifythesizeandcharacteristicsofthefuturepopulation,itsneeds,anditsoccupationalstructureandincomedistribution.
∙Architecture,Engineering,LandscapeArchitecture,andurbandesignprovidethethree-dimensionalsolutionsthataretheexpressionofbroaddevelopmentpolicydecisions.
∙Thescienceofecologypermitsanincreasinglyaccuratemeasurementoftheenvironmentalconsequencesofdevelopmentandthecontroloftheiradverseeffects.
∙Lawandpoliticalscienceprovidetheprincipallegislativeandbureaucraticmechanismsthatareusedtoimplementplanningdecisions.
∙Planning,however,isfarfromanexactscience.Itsprimeareaofconcernispeopleandtheirrelationshiptothebuiltenvironment.
∙Althoughplanningmayanticipatetheneedforjobs,shelter,transportation,education,health,orrecreation,itseffectivenessislimitedtoputtingrestraintsonprivatepropertyrightsandprovidingincentivestoinfluenceindividualchoices.
∙Planningisarepetitiveoriterativeprocess.Itrequirestheformulationofsocialgoalsthatcanbetranslatedintopoliticallyacceptableobjectivesthat,inturn,canbedetailedintospecificprogramsandprojects.
∙Althoughsocialvaluesandgoalstendtoevolveratherslowly,theirtransformationintooperativeprogramstendstoreflectimmediatepoliticalobjectives.
∙The2-to4-yeartermsofcityofficialsoftendictatetheperiodsoverwhichtheeffectivenessofplanningismeasuredandthusdeterminethescopeofmanylocalprogramsandprojects.
∙Planningisalsoadynamicprocess.
∙Populationmovements,economicfluctuations,technologicalinnovations,or,morecommonly,theobsolescenceofthecity'sphysicalplantrequireperiodicrevisionsofplanningstrategies.
∙Modernurbanplanningowesitsorigintothenecessityforcreatingamoresanitaryurbanenvironmentbydemolishingtheworstslumsandcontrollingthequalityofnewconstruction.
∙Effectiveurbanplanningcomprisescleardevelopmentobjectivesaswellasthemeanstocarrythemout.
∙Developmentobjectivescanvarygreatlyaccordingtolocalconditionsandtheconsensusthatcanbeachievedoncommunitygoals.
∙Acitymaychoosetodevelopitsunbuiltland,revitalizeitsdowntownarea,demolishitsslumsandreplacethemwithnewbuildings,oranycombinationoftheseobjectives.
∙Itsdevelopmentobjectives,usuallycombiningsocialandphysicalaspects,aresetforthinacomprehensiveplan,whichdocumentsexistingconditions,analyzesthecausesofvariousshortcomings,andexploresalternativesolutions.
∙Bycomparingthesocial,economic,andpoliticalcostsandadvantagesofpossiblesolutions,apreferredalternativecanbeselectedanddetailedintospecificprojectsandprograms.
∙Theimplementationofaplanoccursovermanyyears;itsprogressisafunctionofthecity'sabilitytofinanceitaswellasoftheplan'spoliticalviability.
∙Themeansatthecity'sdisposalmayrangefromtheuseofitsnormalregulatorypowerstolegislateforthehealth,safety,andgeneralwelfareofthepopulationtodirectinterventionintheprivatemarketthroughtaxincentives,thepurchaseoflandandbuildingsbyeminentdomain,demolitionofunsafestructures,andnewconstruction.
∙Acityplannedinaccordancewiththeprincipleslaiddownintheabovedefinitionwillsurelybecomebeautiful;itwilllenditselftoartistictreatment(notadornmentbymunicipalart,foritisdifficulttoexplaininwhatrespect"municipal"artdiffersfromanyotherkindofart);itwillprovideadequatesitesforpublicandsemipublicbuildings,whichcanbeavailedofbythearchitectwhenthetimecomeswithouttheexpenseofrearrangingthestreetsystemtogivethemapropersetting.
∙Toplanacitywithitsfinalartisticembellishmentwouldbenotonlyfolly,butwouldbefarbeyondthecapacityofanyonemanorgroupofmeninanyonegeneration.
∙Toattempttodesignatethespecificsitesforfuturepublicbuildingswithaspecialregardtothesize,shape,anddesignwhichthosemakingtheplandeemedtobemostsuitablewouldevidenceanarroganceandself-complacencywhichwouldrenderoneunfitforthetaskhehasundertaken.
CityPlanner
∙Thecityplanneristothecityverymuchwhatthefamilyphysicianistothefamily.
∙Heisconstantlycalledupontoadviseanddirectinallmatterspertainingtohisprofession.
∙Heisnotexpectedtoknoweverybranchofhisprofessionaswellasthespecialistineachbranch,buthedoesknowthecharacter,constitution,particularneedsandeccentricityofthecity,asthefamilyphysicianknowstheconstitutionsofthefamily.Justasthefamilyphysiciancallsaspecialistintoconsultationincasesrequiringexpertadvice,whichhemaynotfeelcompetenttogive,sothecityplannershould,inallcasesofsufficientimportance,securetheservicesofthespecialistinthatrequired.
∙Heshouldbequicktorealizethatamanwhohaspreparedhimselfbyyearsofcarefulstudyandbywideexperienceinthisfield,islikelytosecuremoresatisfactoryresultsthanhecanwhohasnothadsuchaspecialexperience.
∙Thecityplannershould,therefore,betheveryonetosuggestandtourgetheemploymentofexpertswheneverthecaseisofsufficientimportancetojustifyit,andshouldnotwaituntilitisurgeduponhim.
∙Plannersshouldbeawareoftheforcesandschoolsofthoughtthatshapeandchangeourcities.
∙OnesuchinfluenceisthatofPost-Modernism.Conventional,Modernist,rationalplanninghasinthelastdecadeandahalfbeensubjecttotheinfluencesofthepost-modernmovement.
∙Thishasledtoadistinctpost-modernapproachtoplanning.
∙Itisagainsttheconventional,modernistapproachthatpost-modernistplanningwillbecontrasted.
∙Throughthis,ourperceptionsandunderstandingofthenatureofurbanplanningwillbeimproved.
∙Tounderstandwherethefieldofplanningisheading,wemustfirstexaminemodernplanningandproblemsassociatedwithit.
∙Planning,aswithotherfields,suchasitscloserelationarchitecture,issubjecttothenewschoolofthoughtofpost-modernism.
Internettorelevantresources:
Planning
(1)Website:
∙Thesiteoffersahostofgeographic,demographicandeconomicinformationoftensoughtbycompaniesandsiteselectors
∙TheInternetGISeconomicdevelopmentprogramscreatedbyGISPlanninghavebecomethemodelforimplementingbusinesssite-selectionandattractiontechnology.
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