计算机科学导论课后问答.docx
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计算机科学导论课后问答.docx
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计算机科学导论课后问答
1.Explainthefivepartsofaninformationsystem.Whatpartdopeopleplayinthissystem?
Aninformationsystemhasfiveparts:
people,procedures,software,hardwareanddata.
People:
Areenduserswhousecomputertomakethemselvesmoreproductive.
Procedures:
Specifyrulesorguidelinesforcomputeroperations.
Software:
Providesstep-by-stepinstructionsforcomputerhardware.
Hardware:
Processesthedatatocreateinformation.
Data:
Consistofunprocessedfactsincludingtext,numbers,imageandsounds.
Peoplearethemostimportantpartofanyinformationsystem.
2.Whatissystemsoftware?
Whatkindsofprogramsareincludedinsystemsoftware?
Systemsoftwarehelpsthecomputermanageitsowninternalresources.Itincludesthreekindsofprograms:
operatingsystems,utilitiesanddevicedriversprograms.
3.Defineandcomparebasicandspecializedapplicationsoftware.Describesomedifferenttypesofbasicapplicationsoftware.Describesometypesofspecializedapplications.
Basicapplicationsarethekindsofprogramstobeconsideredcomputercompetent.
Specializedapplicationsaremorenarrowlyfocusedonspecificdisciplinesandoccupations.
Basicapplicationshavesometypes,suchasbrowser,wordprocessor,spreadsheet,andsoon.
Alsospecializedapplicationshavemanytypes,someofthebestknownaregraphics,audioandvideo,multimedia,Webauthoring,andartificialintelligenceprograms.
4.Describethedifferenttypesofcomputer.Whatisthemostcommontype?
Whatarethetypesofmicrocomputers?
Therearefourtypesofcomputers:
supercomputers,mainframecomputers,minicomputers,andmicrocomputers.
Supercomputersarethemostpowerfultypeofcomputer.
Mainframecomputersoccupyspeciallywired,air-conditionedrooms,theyarecapableofgreatprocessingspeedsanddatastorage.
Minicomputersarerefrigeratorsizedmachines.
Microcomputersaretheleastpowerful,yetthemostwidelyusedandfastest-growing,typeofcomputer.
Microcomputersarethemostcommontypeofcomputers.
Therearefourtypesofmicrocomputers:
Desktopcomputers,Notebookcomputers,HandheldcomputersandPDA.
5.Whatisconnectivity?
Howarethewirelessrevolutionandconnectivityrelated?
Whatisacomputernetwork?
WhatistheInternet?
WhatistheWeb?
Connectivityisthecapabilityofyoumicrocomputertosharetheinformationwithothercomputers.
Wirelessrevolutiondramaticallyaffectconnectivity.
Acomputernetworkisacommunicationssystemconnectingtwoormorecomputers.
Internetisthelargestnetworkintheworld.
TheWebprovidesamultimediainterfacetothenumerousresourcesavailableontheInternet.
CHAPTER2
1.DiscusstheusesoftheInternet.Whichactivitieshaveyouparticipatedin?
Whichonedoyouthinkisthemostpopular?
ThemostcommonusesoftheInternetarethefollowing:
communicating,shopping,searching,entertainment,education,andsoon.Ihaveparticipatedinalmostallofthem.Ithinkcommunicatingisthemostpopular.
2.Explainthedifferencesbetweenthetwomostcommontypesofproviders.
ThetwomostcommontypesofprovidersareNationalandwireless.
Nationalserviceprovidersprovideaccessthroughstandardtelephoneconnections.
WirelessserviceprovidersprovideInternetconnectionsforcomputerswithwirelessmodemsandawidearrayofwirelessdevices.
3.Whatarethebasicelementsofane-mailmessage?
Atypicale-mailmessagehasthreebasicelements:
header,messageandsignature.
4.Whatissocialnetworking?
Describethethreetypesifsocialnetworkingsites.
Socialnetworkingisthegroupingofindividualsintospecificgroups.Therearethreebasiccategoriesofsocialnetworkingsites:
reuniting,friend-of-a-friendandcommoninterest
Reunitingsitesaredesignedtoconnectpeoplewhohaveknownoneanotherbuthavelosttouch.
Friend-of-a-friendsitesaredesignedtobringtogethertwopeoplewhodonotknowoneanotherbutshareacommonfriend.
Commoninterestsitesbringtogetherindividualsthatsharecommoninterestsorhobbies.
5.Describethedifferenttypesofsearchengines.Givenanexampleofthetypeofsearcheachengineisbestfor.
Therearethreetypesofsearchengines:
crawler-basedsearchengines,metasearchenginesandspecializedsearchengines
Crawler-basedsearchengines,suchasGoogle,createtheirlistingsautomatically.
Metasearchenginesareprogramsthatautomaticallysubmityoursearchrequesttoseveralenginessimultaneously.Themetasearchenginesreceivestheresults,eliminatesduplicates,ordersthehits,andthenprovidestheeditedlisttoyou.oneofthebestknownisDogpile.
Specializedsearchenginesfocusonsubject-specificWebsites.suchasEnvironment.
CHAPTER3
1.Explainthedifferencebetweengeneral-purposeandspecial-purposeapplications.
General-purposeapplicationarewidelyusedinnearlyeverydisciplineandoccupation.Theyincludewordprocessors,spreadsheets,databasemanagementsystemsandpresentationgraphics.
Specializedapplicationincludesthousandsofotherprogramsthataremorenarrowlyfocusedonspecificdisciplinesandoccupations.
2.Discussthecommonfeaturesofmostsoftwareprograms.Describethenewinterfacetowhat-ifanalysis?
MostapplicationsuseaGUI,usewindowstodisplayinformation,andhavemenustopresentcommands.
3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenafunctionandaformula?
Howisaformularelatedtowhat-ifanalysis?
Aformulaisaninstructiontocalculateorprocess.Functionsareprewrittenformulas.Aformularelatedtowhat-ifanalysisiscalledrecalculation.
4.Whatarepresentationgraphicsprograms?
Howaretheyused?
Presentationgraphicsareprogramsthatcombineavarietyofvisualobjectstocreateattractive,visuallyinterestingpresentation.Peopleinavarietyofsettingandsituationsusepresentationgraphicsprogramstomaketheirpresentationsmoreinterestingandprofessional.
5.Whatisthedifferencebetweenanintegratedpackageandasoftwaresuite?
Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesodeach?
Anintegratedpackageisasingleprogramthatprovidesthefunctionalityofawordprocessor,spreadsheet,databasemanager,andmore.Theprimarydisadvantageofanintegratedpackageisthatthecapabilitiesofeachfunctionarenotasextensiveasintheindividualprograms.Theprimaryadvantagesarecostandsimplicity.
Asoftwaresuiteisacollectionofseparateapplicationprogramsbundledtogetherandsoldasagroup.Itissignificantlylessexpensivetobuyasuiteofapplicationsthantobuyeachapplicationseparately
CHAPTER4
1.Describegraphics,includingdesktoppublishers,imageeditors,illustrationprograms,imagegalleries,andgraphicssuites.
Graphicsarewidelyusedtoanalyzedataandtocreateprofessional-lookingpresentations;Desktoppublishersfocusonpagedesignandlayoutandprovidegreaterflexibility;Imageeditorsareprogramsforcreatingandeditingbitmapimages;Illustrationprogramsareusedtocreateandtoeditvectorimages;Imagegalleriesarelibrariesofelectronicimages.Theseimagesareusedforawidevarietyofapplicationsfromillustratingtextbookstoprovidingvisualinteresttopresentations;
Graphicssuitesaresomecompaniescombiningtheirseparategraphicsprogramsingroups.
2.Discussaudioandvideoeditingsoftware.
Audioeditingsoftwareallowsyoutocreateandeditaudioclips,mostsoftwareallowyoutoaddaudioeffectstoyourtracks.Videoeditingsoftwareallowsyoutoreorganize,addeffects,andmoretoyourdigitalvideofootage.
3.Whatismultimedia?
Howaremultimediapresentationsdeveloped?
Multimediaistheintegrationofallsortsofmediaintoonepresentation.Thecreationofinteractivemultimediapresentationsfollowsseveralsteps:
Plan,Design,CreateandSupport.
4.DescribeWebauthoring,includingWebsitedesignandWebauthoringprograms.
CreatingasiteiscalledWebauthoring.Awebsitedesignisaninteractivemultimediaformofcommunication,designingawebsitebeginswithdeterminingthesite’soverallcontent,theoverallsitedesigniscommonlyrepresentedinagraphicalmap.Morespecializedandpowerfulprograms,calledWebauthoringprograms,aretypicallyusedtocreatesophisticatedcommercialsites.
5.Discussthreeareasofartificialintelligence.
Thethreeareasofartificialintelligencearevirtualreality,knowledge-basedsystemsandrobotics.Virtualrealityisanartificial,orsimulated,realitygeneratedin3-Dbyacomputer.Knowledge-basedsystemsareatypeofartificialintelligencethatusesadatabasetoprovideassistancetousers.Roboticsisthefieldofstudyconcernedwithdevelopingandusingrobots.
CHAPTER5
1.Describesystemsoftware.Whatarethefourtypesofsystemprograms?
Systemsoftwareworkswithendusers,applicationsoftware,andcomputerhardwaretohandlethemajorityoftechnicaldetails.Itconsistsoffourtypesofprograms:
operatingsystems,utilities,devicedriversandlanguagetranslators.
2.Whatarethebasicfunctionsofeveryoperatingsystem?
Whatarethethreebasicoperatingsystemcategories?
Thebasicfunctionsofeveryoperatingsystemare:
managingcomputerresources,providingauserinterface,andrunningapplications.Thethreebasicoperatingsystemcategoriesare:
embedded,networkandstand-alone.
3.ExplainthedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenWindows,MacOS,andLinux.
Windowsisbyfarthemostpopularmicrocomputeroperatingsystemtoday.ItcomesinavarietyofdifferentversionsandisdesignedtorunwithIntelandIntel-compatiblemicroprocessors.MacOSisnotnearlyaswidelyusedastheWindowsoperatingsystem.Itisapowerful,easy-to-useoperatingsystemthatispopularwithprofessionalgraphicdesigns,desktoppublishers,an
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