英语国家概况复习京江吉宇辉.docx
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英语国家概况复习京江吉宇辉.docx
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英语国家概况复习京江吉宇辉
KeyPoints:
PartITheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland
1.TheBritishIslesconsistsoftwolargeislands;oneiscalledIrelandandtheotherBritain.Britain,orGreatBritain,isthelargerofthesetwoislands,anditisdividedintothreeparts:
Scotland,WalesandEngland.
2.ThefulltitleofBritainistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,whichconsistsofScotland,Wales,EnglandandNorthernIreland.AndthepeopleinthesefourprovincesarerespectivelycalledtheScottish,theWelsh,theEnglishandtheIrish.
3.ThecapitaloftheUnitedKingdomisLondon.TherearetwoothercitiesinBritaincontainingoveramillionpeopleeach,thatis,BirminghamandGlasgow.
4.TheBritishCommonwealthofNations,ortheCommonwealth,isanassociationofcountriesandotherpoliticalunitsthatwereoncepartoftheBritishEmpire(withtwoexceptions).Nowitiscomprisedof54independentmembersworkingtogetherinthecommoninterestsoftheircitizensfordevelopment,democracyandpeace.
5.WheredidtheBritishpeoplecomefrom?
Invaders(inchronologicalorder)
Contributions
Iberians
?
Celts
Gaels
ScottishandIrishraceandculture
Britons
Welshraceandculture
Romans
Latinalphabetandcivilization
Anglo-Saxons(andJutes)
Englishraceandlanguage
Danes
SomepeculiaritiesofdialectinNorthandEastEngland
Normans(French-speaking)
FinalunificationofEngland.Greatadministrativeprogress.EnglishcivilisationpermanentlylinkedtoFranceratherthantoScandinavia.Foundationofaristocracy.
6.Intheyear1066,DukeofNormandyclaimedtheEnglishthrone,andafterdefeatingandkillingtheSaxonkingHaroldattheBattleofHastings,hewentontoconquerthewholecountry,andtomeritthenameofWilliamtheConqueror.
7.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandhasanareaofabout94,060squaremiles.ThepopulationoftheUnitedKingdomisabout61,414,062in2008.ThethreelargestcitiesareLondon,BirminghamandGlasgow.
8.TheBritishweatherischaracterizedbyuncertainty,andittendstomaketheEnglishmancautious.
9.ThePopRevolutionofthe1960schangedthepatternofEnglishlife.Ithasbrokendownsocialbarriersamongtheyoung.IthasalsohelpedtosweepawaymanyoftheinhibitionswhichgavetheBritishtheirreputationforbeingcoldandreserved.
10.Thepermissivesocietysawthepopularityofpopgroups,amongwhichthemostfamousaretheBeatles(madeupoffourLiverpoolboys)andtheRollingStones.
11.TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandisaconstitutionalmonarchy.QueenElizabethisnowtheheadofstateoftheUK.Sheisalsoheadofstateof15otherCommonwealthrealms,includingAustralia,Canada,NewZealand,etc.
12.ThegovernmentofBritainhasformanycenturiesbeensharedbythreesupremeauthorities:
theMonarch(i.e.theKingorQueen),theLords(i.e.thehereditarynobility),andtheCommons(i.e.theordinarypeople.)
13.WhatarethemainfunctionsoftheBritishParliament?
1)Examineproposalsfornewlaws;
2)Provide,byvotingfortaxation,themeansofcarryingouttheworkofgovernment;
3)Scrutinizegovernmentpolicyandadministration,includingproposalsforexpenditure;
4)Debatethemajorissuesoftheday.
14.TheBritishParliamenthasamaximumdurationoffiveyears.Atanytimeuptotheendofthisperiod,ageneralelectioncanbeheldforanewHouseofCommons.
15.MembersoftheHouseofLords(knownaspeers)consistofLordsSpiritual(seniorbishops)andLordsTemporal(laypeers).Thereare670peersintotalinMarch2000.ThefiveranksareDuke,Marquess,Earl,ViscountandBaron.
16.TheHouseofLordsisalsothefinalcourtofappealforcivilcasesintheUKandforthecriminalcasesinEngland,WalesandNorthernIreland.
17.TheHouseofCommonsconsistsatpresentof650freelyelectedmembers,eachonerepresentingoneofthe650electoraldistrictsoftheUnitedKingdomcalledconstituencies.
18.BecausetheHouseofCommonsiselected,apartythatwinsthemajorityofCommonsseatsinageneralelectioniscalledontoformthenextgovernment.
19.TheHouseisdividedaccordingtopoliticalparties,thestrongerpartyofpartiesformingtheGovernment,andtheweakertheOpposition.
20.TheleaderoftheGovernmentisthePrimeMinister.About16or18ofthemostimportantMinisters(thenumberisnotfixed)aremembersoftheCabinet,whichisakindofsupremegovernmentcommittee,meetingregularlyinprivateunderthechairmanshipofthePrimeMinisterathisfamousaddress,No.10DowningStreet,justoffWhitehall.
21.ThepresentPrimeMinisteroftheUKisDavidCameronfromtheConservativeParty,whoformsacoalitiongovernmentwiththeLiberalDemocrats.
22.TheCabinetisalwaysanswerabletoParliament,andtheworkofeachMinisterisalwayskeptunderobservationbyanunofficialShadowCabinetorganizedbytheOpposition.
23.ThereisnowrittenconstitutioninBritain.
24.DevelopmentoftheBritishconstitution
1)BeforetheNormanConquestin1066,theAnglo-SaxonkingsconsultedtheGreatCouncil(大议事会)beforetakingmajordecisions.
2)In1215KingJohnsignedtheMagnaCarta(theGreatCharter),whichgavesomeofhispowerstothenobles.
3)SummonedbySimondeMontfortin1264,thefirstparliamentofnoblesmettogether.
4)AftertheBloodlessRevolutionin1688,ParliamentinvitedWilliamandMarytobecomeBritain’sfirstconstitutionalmonarchs.
5)TheBillofRights(1689)(权利法案)wasthefirststeptowardsconstitutionalmonarchy.
6)TheGreatReformBillof1832andtheSecondReformBillof1867enabledaverylargesectionofthepopulationtovoteforitsgovernment.
25.InBritain,thepartyoftheRightistheConservativeParty.TheiropponentsoftencallthemtheTories,whichwastheiroldname.ThepartyoftheLeftistheLaborParty,whomtheiropponentsprefertocalltheSocialists.TheLiberalPartydescendedfromthe18th-centuryWhigs.
26.ThereisnocensorshipoftheBritishpress.ThereareninenationaldailynewspapersinBritain,asfollows:
TheTimes,DailyExpress,TheGuardian,DailyMirror,DailyTelegraph,MorningStar,FinancialTimes,TheSun,andDailyMail.ThenationalSundaynewspapersareasfollows:
TheObserver,SundayExpress,SundayTimes,SundayTelegraph,NewsoftheWorld,SundayMirror,andThePeople.
27.Withoutawarrantissuedbythelocalmagistrate,thepolicecannotenterthehouseofanypersononlyiftheyareinvitedto.Thepolicecannotusethreatsorforcetomakeasuspecttalk,andtheycannotarresthimunlesstheyhadfairlystrongevidencethathehascommittedacrime.
28.Thepolicecannotholdanyoneformorethan24hourswithoutbringinghimbeforeacourt.TheHabeasCorpusAct(人身保护法)of1679isoneofthecornerstonesofBritishjustice.
29.Everytownandboroughhasamagistrate’scourt.Magistrates,orJusticesofthePeace,astheyarecalled(J.P.forshort),havehadverylittletraininginlawandtheyreceivenosalary.Andmagistratescanonlytrypeopleforminoroffences.
30.InLondon,prisonersaccusedofseriousoffencesaretriedattheOldBailey,theCentralCriminalCourt(中央刑事法庭).
31.Britishjuryiscomposedoftwelvemembers(15inScotland).Itisthejurythatwillreachtheverdictofeither“guilty”or“notguilty”.
32.InaBritishcourtoflawtheregoestherulethattheaccusedisalwaysinnocentuntilheisprovedguilty.
33.ThelegalprofessioninBritainisdividedintotwobranches:
barristers(called“advocates”inScotland)andsolicitors.
34.IrelandbecamepartoftheUnitedKingdombytheActofUnionof1801.In1922therestoftheIrelandcountryexceptNorthernIrelandbrokeawaytoformanIrishFreeStatein1921,adominionwithintheBritishEmpire,latercalledEireandnowtheRepublicofIreland.TheCapitalofIrelandisDublin.
35.TheIrishpotatocrisisinthe1840skillednearly1millionpeopleandforcedmanyotherstoleavetheirhomeland.
36.InNorthernIrelandtheStormontAgreementcompletedin1998providesforaNationalAssemblyinwhichCatholicsandProtestantsaretogovernjointly.
37.TheArchbishopofCanterburyisthePrimateofallEngland,thatistosay,heisthespiritualleaderoftheChurchofEngland.Afterhim,theArchbishopofYorkiscalledthePrimateofEnglandandunderthesetwoarchbishopscomeanumberofbishops.
38.HenryVIIIbrokefromtheRomanCatholicChurchbydenyingpapalclaimstoecclesiasticaloranyotherjurisdiction,andbydeclaringhimselfratherthanthePopeasSupremeHeadoftheChurchinEngland.
39.Everyweek,everyemployedmanandwomaninBritainhastopaytheStateacertainsumofmoneyasacompulsoryforNationalInsuranceandNationalHealth,inreturnforwhichtheStateprovidecertainallowancesandservices,e.g.intimesofsicknessorunemployment.
40.Aswellasthesedeductionsfornationalinsurance,manypeoplesufferafurtherdeductionfromtheirsalaryforincometax.
41.Thetaxleviedbylocalauthoritiesiscalledtherates(税费).
42.Themoneypaymentsofthestatewelfaresystemwhicheveryoneisentitledtoincertaincircumstancesinclude:
familyallowances,unemployment,sicknessbenefit,widow’sbenefit,retirementpension,maternitypension,etc.
43.Inadditiontothesicknessbenefit,thereisaNationalHealthServiceprovidingfreemedicalandhospitalservicestoeverybodywhoneedsthem.
44.TheBritishWelfareStatewasplannedduringtheSecondWorldWarbytheeconomist,WilliamBeveridge.TheLaborGovernmentof1945-1950passedlawsgivingthecountryalmosteverythingforwhichBeverageasked.
45.In1972,theschool-leavingage(inEnglandandWales)wa
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