美国文学要点总结.docx

美国文学要点总结.docx

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美国文学要点总结

 美国文学史复习1（TheLiteratureofColonial）

一、时期综述

1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：

a、narratives日记b、journals游记

2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：

1）theirvoyagetothenewland

2）Adaptingthemselvestounfamiliarclimatesandcrops

3）AboutdealingwithIndians

4）Guidetothenewland,endlessbounty,invitationtoboldspirit

3、清教徒的思想：

1）puritanwanttomakeuppuretheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices净化信仰和行为方式

2）Wish torestoresimplicitytochurchandtheauthorityoftheBibletothetheology.重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位

来源：

（-美国文学史复习1（colonialism）_苗苗_新浪博客3）lookuponthemselvesaschosenpeople,anditfollowlogicallythatanyonewhochallengedtheirwayoflifeisopposingGod'swillandisnottobeaccepted.认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝

4）puritanoppositiontopleasureandtheartssometimeshasbeenexaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religiousteachingtendedtoemphasizetheimageofawrathfulGod.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

TheinfluencesofPuritanismonAmericanliterature

a.Optimism

AmericanliteratureisbasedontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.ItisingoodmeasurealiteraryexpressionofthepiousidealismoftheAmericanpuritan.ThepuritansdreamedoflivingunderaperfectorderandworkedwithindomitablecourageandconfidenthopetowardbuildinganewGardenofEdeninAmerican,wheremancouldlivethewayheshould.Theylookedeventheworstoflifeinthefacewithatremendousamountofoptimism.AllthiswentinduetimeintothemakingofAmericanliterature.TheoptimisticPuritanhasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature.

b.Symbolism

TothepiousPuritan,thephysical,phenomenalworldisnothingbutasymbolofGod.Physicallifewassimultaneouslyspiritual;everypassageoflife,enmeshedinthevastcontextofGod’splan,possessedadelegatedmeaning.ThismetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.Puritandoctrineandliterarypracticecontributedtothedevelopmentofanindigenoussymbolism.ToHawthorne,Melville,Howellsandmanyothers,symbolismasatechniquehasbecomeacommonpractice.

c.Simplicity

SimplicitycharacterizesthePuritanstyleofwriting.Thestyleoftheirwritingisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.AllthishasleftanindelibleimprintonAmericanwriting.

Summery

LiteratureoftheNewEnglandSettlementsismainlyaliteraryexpressionofthePuritanidealism.ItisbasedontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenEden.Thepiousandself-disciplinedPuritansworkedwithcourageandhopetowardbuildinganewGardenofEdeninAmerica.Theylookedeventheworstoflifeinthefacewithatremendousamountofoptimism.ThePuritanoptimismhasexertedenormousimpactonAmericanliterature.

4、典型的清教徒：

JohnCotton&RogerWilliam

他们的不同：

JohnCottonwasmuchmoreconcernedwithauthoritythanwithdemocracy;WilliambeginsthehistoryofreligioustolerationinAmerica.

5、William的宗教观点：

Tolerationdidnotstemfromalackofreligiousconvictions.Instead,itsprangfromtheideathatsimplytobevirtuousinconductanddevoutinbeliefdidnotgiveanyonetherighttoforcebeliefonothers.HealsofeltthatnopoliticalorderorchurchsystemcouldidentifyitselfdirectlywithGod.行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。

没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。

6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：

AnneBradstreet

1．7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：

thebestofPuritanpoetsisEdwardTayor.他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式hisworkfollowedtheystyleandformsoftheleadingEnglishpoetsofthemid-seventeenthcentury。

他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的mostofTaylor’sworktreatedreligiousthemes,withmanypoemsbaseddirectlyonthePsalms.在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。

NativeAmericanLiterature

Thetraditionalliteraturewasoriginallytransmittedalmostentirelybywordofmouth,andthereforebelongstothecategoryoforalliterature.ItwascomposedinanIndianlanguageforanIndianaudienceatatimewhenthetribalcultureswereintactandcontactwithwhiteshadbeenminimal.Itconsistsofsacredstories,folktales,andsongsaspartoftheritualsofannualfestivals,tribaltraditions,andnarrativeaccountsofgodsandheroes.Ittookonaregularityofmetricpatternwhichgaveitthequalityofpoetryandwasanorganicpartofeverydaylife.Mythsandtaleswereeducationalandtoolsthattaughttheyoungergenerationthebeliefsand

historyofthetribe.

ThetransitionalliteratureisrepresentedbytranslationsofthegreatIndianoratorsofthe19thcenturyandmemoirsoftheIndianexperienceinrelationtowhitedominance.TheywererelatedbyIndianstowhiteaudiences.

Themodernliteratureincludesnovels,shortstories,andpoetrywritteninEnglishbynativeAmericansofthe19thand20thcenturies,mostofwhomspeaknootherlanguage.ForsomereasontherearemoregoodIndianpoetsthanfictionwriterstoday.Thesenatural-bornpoetsaregiftedwithcolorfulimaginationandtheabilitytoexpressinsonorous,musicalwordstheirimpressionoflifeandnature.

AsnativeAmericanwritersviewinjustice,violence,anddespairasforcesthatinfluencenativeAmericanlife,theyexploreboththeirrichheritageandtheirtragiclossofidentityastheyfindthemselvestrappedbetweenaculturethatisvanishingandaculturethatforthemisnotyetfullavailable.Hence,theirliteratureformsauniqueandsignificantpartofAmericanliterature.

a、Hardwork,thrift,pietyandsobrietywerethePuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearliestAmericanwriting.

b、Theworkoftwowriters,AnneBradstreet&EdwardTaylor,rosetothelevelofrealpoetry.

c、TheearliestsettlersincludedDutch,Swedes,Germans, French,SpaniardsItalian,andPortuguese. 

人物介绍

1.AnneBradstreet

a.Life

BradstreetwasaPuritanpoet.Herpoemswerebasedonfourelements:

theconstitutionsandagesofman,theseasonsoftheyear,andthechiefempiresoftheancientworld.HerpoemsmadesuchastirinEnglandthatshebecameknownasthe“TenthMuse”whoappearedinAmerica.Mostofherpoemsarepersonalinsubject,oftenmeditatingondomestictopicsfromareligiouspointofview.TheargumentofherpoemsisessentiallyaboutthejusticeofGod’swaywithHisPuritanflockandtheysearchforasenseofman’snatureanddestinyandhismissioninthenewworld.

b.“Contemplation（9）”:

“Contemplation（9）”:

offersthereaderaninsightintothementalityofthe

earlyPuritanpioneeringinanewworld.

2.EdwardTaylor

a.Life:

ameditativepoetwritinghispoemswithvividimageryasa

mentalexercise.

b.Theconcerninhisworks:

howhisimagesspeakforGod.

c.Theanalysisofhispoem“Housewifery”

Q1:

Whatisexpressedinthepoem?

Q2:

Howdoesthepoetexpressthetheme?

3.RogerWilliams

a.APuritandissenterandafighterforfreedomanddemocracy

b.Themajorworks:

“TheBloodyTenetofPersecutionforthecauseofConscience”condemningthereligiousconformityandupholdingthespiritualfreedomoftheindividual

4.JohnWoolman

a.Hisviewsonreligion:

convincedtruereligionconsistedinaninwardlifeinwhichtheheartlovedandrespectedGodandlearnedtoexcisetruejusticeandgoodnesstomenandbrutesalike.Teachinggoodnessandpiety,speakingagainsttotaldepravity,originalsinandlimitedatonement.

b.Themajorworks:

“SomeConsiderationsontheKeepingofNegroes”/“ApleaforthePoor”

Summary:

theperiodisoneinwhichthenationalexperienceoftheAmericansettlersbuildingthewildernessintoahabitableplacegropedadstruggledforliteraryexpression.

美国文学史复习2（reasoning and revolution）

“TheAgeofReason”

“AmericanEnlightenment”

TheIntellectualBackgroundsforthe18thCentury:

A.AmericanPuritanism（stilldominating）

B.TheGreatAwakeningin1730sand1740s

JonathanEdwardsasoneoftheleadingadvocates

C.Deism:

aCompromisebetweenScienceandReligion

Newtonandhis“PhilosophiaeNaturalisPrincipiaMathematica”

（inwhichheputforwardhisfamousprincipleofuniversalgravitation）

D.TheInfluenceofTheEnlightenmentMovement

（inFrance:

Montesquieu,Rousseau,Voltaire）

（inEngland:

AlexanderPope,DanielDefoe）

ThreeEnlightenmentthinkers

1.JohnLocke（1642-1704）

2.ThomasHobbes（1588-1679）

3.JeanJacquesRouseau（1712-1778）

Thetwobasicpatternsofthoughtdominatingthe18thcenturyAmericanthinking

1.Deism自然神论

Towardthelatterpartofthe17thcentury,acompletenewviewoftheuniversecameintobeing.UndertheinfluenceofNewton’slawsofmotionandtheideaofuniversalgravitation,inthemindsofthinkingpeople,theuniversebecamesth.Mechanical,likeaclock,subjecttocertainphysicalandmechanicallaws.Thisgaverisetoawholesetofnewideasandphilosophies.NewscientistsandphilosophersdeducedtheexistenceofGodfromtheconstructionoftheuniverseitselfratherthanfromtheBible,TheyassumedthatpeoplewereactuallygoodandthataharmoniousuniverseproclaimedthebenevolenceofGod.Theywerenotinterestedinthetheologybutinman’sownnature.Deismwaspredominantamongtheseideas.TheDeistsholdthatGodisindeedthecreatorofuniverse,“themakeroftheclock”,butHehaslefttooperateaccordingtonaturallaw.ThusthebestwaytoworshipGodistostudyhishandiwork,namely,thenaturalwordandthehumanworld,todogoodthingstomankind.ThenewconceptoftheuniversewasradicallydifferentfromthehithertodomineeringChristianpositionoforiginalsinandpredestination.WithFranklinasitsspokesman,the18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofenlightenment,ofreason,andorderlikeEnglandandEurope.

2.Calvinistbeliefsandtenets

Ca