Part IEarly English Literature.docx
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Part IEarly English Literature.docx
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PartIEarlyEnglishLiterature
PartIEarlyEnglishLiterature
(TheAnglo-SaxonPeriod)(449-1066)
1.TheHistoricalBackground2.TheOldEnglishLiterature3.TheSongofBeowulf
1.TheHistoricalBackground:
theformationofthenation
----Britons,atribesofCelts—theearliestinhabitantsoftheBritishIsles
----RomansConquests:
55B.C—410A.DJuliusCaesar
Consequences:
anetworkofhighways,scoresoftowns,Romanlifestyle
----TheEnglishConquest:
Anglos,Saxons,andJutes.
1.Bythe7thcenturyOldEnglishEmerged.
2.Anglo-Saxonperiodwitnessedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.
3.OldnorthernEuropeanmythologies—Christianity.TheChristianizationofAnglo-SaxonsinfluencedtherecordofoldEnglishliterature.4.OldEnglish
II.TheOldEnglishLiterature
Ageneralview1.TheoldEnglishLiteratureisalmostaverseliteratureinoralform.
2.Therearetwogroupsofpoetry:
paganandChristian.3.Proseappearedinthe8thcentury.
Religious/Christianpoetry①Caedmon:
凯德蒙
-ThefirstAnglo-Saxonpoet,thefirstknownreligiouspoetofEngland,knownasthefatherofEnglishsonglivedinthe7thcentury-works:
Paraphrase《演释曲》
②Cynewulf:
琴湼武甫-AnotherrepresentativefigureintheAnglo-Saxonliteraturelivedinthe9thCentury-works:
TheChrist《基督》
2.PaganpoetryBeowulf:
《贝奥武甫》
TherepresentativeoftheAnglo-Saxonliterature,thenationalepicoftheEnglishpeople,afolklegendbroughttoEnglandfromNorthernEurope,writtendowninthe10thC,themostimportantworkoftheOldEnglishliterature
Epic:
Alongversenarrativeonaserioussubject,toldinaformalandelevatedstyle,andcenteredonaheroicorquasi-divinefigureonwhoseactionsdependsthefateofatribe,anation,orthehumanrace.Eg.“Iliad”,“Odyssey”,“ParadiseLost”.
TheSongofBeowulf
Characters:
{Beowulf:
nephewofHygelacHygelac:
kingofGeatsinJutlandHrothgar:
kingoftheDanesGrendel:
amonster}
Plot:
Beowulf’sfightwiththemonsterGrendelinHrothgar’shall
Beowulf’sslayingofGrendel’smotherinherlair
Beowulf’sreturninglorytohisuncle,andhissuccessiontothethrone
Beowulf’svictoryindeath,fiftyyearslater,overthefiredragon
Artisticfeatures1.Theuseofalliteration2.Theuseofmetaphorsandunderstatements
3.ThemixtureofpaganandChristianelements
Alliteration:
arhetoricaldevice,meaningsomewordsinasentencebeginwiththesameconsonantsound.
Metaphor:
awayofdescribingsth.bysayingthatitislikesth.
Understatements:
轻描淡写/有节制的描述expressingsomethinginacontrolledway.ItisatypicalwayforEnglishmentoexpresstheirideas.Givinganimpressionofreserveandatingeofironichumor
PartIITheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066-1350)
(TheMiddleEnglishPeriod/MedievalAge)
1.GeneralBackground2.TheMiddleEnglishLiterature
3.SomeKnowledgeofEnglishPoetry
GeneralBackground
1.TheNormanConquest1066,theBattleofHasting,WilliamtheConqueror
MarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEnglandNormans—mastersSaxons—servants
2.ItsInfluenceonEnglishlanguage
。
Bytheendof14thcentury,EnglishandFrenchintermingled,Englishwasoncemorethedominantspeech,butgreatlychanged.
。
Thestructureremained,commonwordsretained,Frenchwordsentered
3.InfluenceonEnglishliterature
。
Thereweredifferentliteraryforms:
romance,popularliterature.
。
TheliteraturewasacombinationofFrenchandAnglo—Saxonelements
IITheMiddleEnglishLiterature
RomanceGeoffreyChaucerPopularliterature
Romance:
themostprevalentkindofliteratureinfeudalEngland.Theliteraturefortheupperclass.Alongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero—knight.
Knight:
aspecialgroupofpeopleexistedintheMiddleAgeinEurope.Nearlyallnobleswereknights.However,nobodywasbornaknight.Onenoblemanwhowantstobeaknightmustexperiencehardtrainingandthenkingwillgivehimknighthood.
TheRomanceCycles
▪MatterofFrance:
EmperorCharlemagneandhispeers
▪MatterofRome:
AlexandertheGreat,theFallofTroyandsoforth
▪MatterofBritain:
KingArthurandhisknightsoftheroundtable
KingArthur
▪AlegendaryBritishleaderwho,accordingtomedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenseofBritainagainsttheSaxoninvadersintheearly6thcentury.
▪ThedetailsofArthur'sstoryaremainlycomposedoffolkloreandliteraryinvention,andhishistoricalexistenceisdebatedanddisputedbymodernhistorians.
▪HegatheredacompanyofknightsinhiscastleatCamelot.Conflictsbetweenhisknightsledtohiscreatingofthefamous“roundtable”atwhichallwouldhaveequalprecedence.Englishwishedtoseetheirmonarchassomethingotherthanaremotedictatorandithasgraduallybindthemonarchintoamoredemocraticsystem.
SirGawainandtheGreenKnight
●ThebestArthurianromance,anonymous,inalliterativeverse
●Itscharacters:
KingArthur,SirGawain,theGreenKnight
SomeKnowledgeofEnglishPoetry
1.Typesofpoetry:
Narrativepoetry:
叙事诗(Epic史诗Dramaticpoem戏剧诗Metricaltale故事诗Ballad民谣)
Lyric:
抒情诗(Ode颂诗Elegy挽歌Idyll田园诗Lovepoem爱情诗)
Didacticpoetry说理诗Burlesque滑稽讽刺诗Parody模仿讽刺诗
2.versification韵律
Stanza:
诗的一段aunitoflinesrelatedLine:
诗行
Foot音步:
aunitofpoeticmeterofstressedorunstressedsyllable一个轻重音节的组合。
每行中音步数大致相同,也有不同的情况。
MonometerDiameterTrimeterTetrameterpentameter
Meter韵律/节拍/格:
formalrhythminlinesofverse.theverselineisdividedintofeetwhichcontaindifferentrhythmsandstresses.Meteristheregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllables.
Iambic抑扬格-/,^/Isawtheskydescendingblackandwhite
trochaic扬抑格/-,/^Letherlivetoearnherdinner.
Anapest抑抑扬--/,^^/Therearemanywhosayadoghashisday.
Dactyl扬扬抑//-,//^Takeheruptenderly
Meter+foot=metricalrhythm/versification
E.g.:
AssoonasAprilpiecesintotheroot
Iambicpentameter五步抑扬格-/-/-/-/-/^/^/^/^/^/
Footisnottobeconfusedwithmeter,thoughthenamesoffeetendwith“-meter”.Meterisbasedonsyllables,indicatinghowstressedandunstressedsyllablesarearranged.Footisappliedwithasingleline,indicatinghowmanymetersareemployedinthatline
1.Rhyme韵脚:
twoormorewordswiththesamesound,e.g.loveanddove
2.押韵的条件:
3.重读音节的元音应相同:
there,share,where
4.它前面的辅音应不同:
5.它后面如有辅音应相同:
right,knight,flight
6.它后面如有轻读音节应相同:
wonder,blunder
GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)
LifeLiterarycareerTheCanterburyTalesContributions
Chaucer’spositioninEnglishliterature
1.HewasbornintoawinemerchantfamilyinLondon.
2.At17,hebecameapageinanobleman’shousehold
3.At19,hewenttoFrancewiththeEnglisharmyandwasimprisoned.
4.Hewasmarriedtoamaidofhonortothequeenat26.
5.At27heenteredtheserviceoftheking.
6.From1372-1373hewenttoItalyondiplomaticmissions
7.In1374,hewasmadecontrollerofcustomsinLondon
8.HewasevenmadeMPforKentin1386.
9.Hediedin1400
10.HewasburiedinWestminsterAbbey—thePoets’Corner
Chaucer’sactivecareerascourtier,soldier,diplomat,andcivilservantprovidedhimnotonlywithknowledgebutalsoexperienceswhichaccountedforthewiderangeofhiswritings.
Literarycareer1.TheFrenchperiod(1360s~1372)
UndertheinfluenceofFrenchpoetry,hetranslatedmanyFrenchworksandalsofamiliarizedwithwritingsinLatinesp.VirgilandOvid.
Works:
TheRomauntoftheRose《玫瑰的故事》
2.TheItalianperiod(1372~1385)
a.HeimmersedhimselfintheworksofDante,PetrarchandBoccaccio.
b.HerehewroteTroilusandCriseyde,《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》,thefirstmodernnovel,whichalsobecamethesubjectofShakespeareandDryden
3.TheMatureperiod/Englishperiod(1385~1400).
Freefromanyforeigninfluence,hehashisownchoiceofsubject,owngraspofcharacterandhisowndictionandplot.
Works:
TheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》TheCanterburyTales
Chaucer’smasterpiece,oneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature
Subjectmatterp.43Theprologuep.44-5Providesaframeworkforthewholepoem
Socialsignificancep.44-5
thefunctionoftheProloguetoTheCanterburyTales
1.ThePrologueprovidesaframeworkforthetales.Itcontainsagroupofvividsketchesoftypicalmedievalfigures.AllclassesoftheEnglishfeudalsociety,excepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasant,arerepresentedbythesethirtypilgrims.
2.ItisnoexaggerationtosaythattheProloguesuppliesaminiatureoftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime.Lookingathisword-pictures,weknowatoncehowpeoplelivedinthatera.ThatiswhyChaucerhasbeencalled“thefounderofEnglishrealism”.
3.Ontheotherhand,thereisalsoanintimateconnectionbetweenthetalesandthePrologue,bothcomplementeachother.
Meticalrhythmof“TheCanterburyTales”
▪AssoonasAprilpiecestotheroot
▪-/-/-/-/-/
▪ThedroughtofMarch,andbatheseachbudandshoot
▪-/-/-/-/-/
▪Througheveryveinofsapwithgentleshowers
▪-/-/-/-/-/
▪Fromwhoseengenderingliquorspringtheflowers
▪-/-/-/-/-/
▪Iambicpentameter五步抑扬格
▪正当四月里甘甜的春雨渗透了三月里干枯的根须
▪沐浴了茎络,唤起了生机使鲜花盛开,清香缕缕
▪当西风以自己温暖的气息在每一个树林,每一片荒地,唤起一个个嫩芽新枝
▪当青春的太阳在白羊宫里已经走过一半的路程
▪小鸟们彻夜不眠,吟唱歌曲大自然在他们心里弹奏旋律
▪这是人们都立愿前去向远处的圣地进香朝礼
Chaucer’scontributiontoEnglishLiterature
●HeintroducedfromItalyandFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,esp.the“heroiccouplet”toEnglishpoetry,toreplacetheoldAnglo-Saxonalliterativeverse.
●HewasthefirstgreatpoetwhowroteinEnglishlanguage(MiddleEnglish),thusestablishingEnglishastheliterarylanguage.
●HedidmuchinmakingtheLondondialectthefoundationformodernEnglishlanguage
Heroiccouplet:
therhymedcoupletofiambicpentame
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