硕士研究生入学考试英语25个阅读模版.docx
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硕士研究生入学考试英语25个阅读模版.docx
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硕士研究生入学考试英语25个阅读模版
硕士研究生入学考试英语25个阅读模版
Recentyearshavebroughtminority-ownedbusinessesintheUnitedStatesunprecedentedopportunities—aswellasnewandsignificantrisks.CivilrightsactivistshavelongarguedthatoneoftheprincipalreasonswhyBlacks,Hispanics,andotherminoritygroupshavedifficultyestablishingthemselvesinbusinessisthattheylackaccesstothesizableordersandsubcontractsthataregeneratedbylargecompanies.NowCongress,inapparentagreement,hasrequiredbylawthatbusinessesawardedfederalcontractsofmorethan$500,000dotheirbesttofindminoritysubcontractorsandrecordtheireffortstodosoonformsfiledwiththegovernment.Indeed,somefederalandlocalagencieshavegonesofarastosetspecificpercentagegoalsforapportioningpartsofpublicworkscontractstominorityenterprises.
Corporateresponseappearstohavebeensubstantial.Accordingtofigurescollectedin1977,thetotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesrosefrom$77millionin1972to$1.1billionin1977.Theprojectedtotalofcorporatecontractswithminoritybusinessesfortheearly1980’sisestimatedtobeover53billionperyearwithnoletupanticipatedinthenextdecade.
Promisingasitisforminoritybusinesses,thisincreasedpatronageposesdangersforthem,too.First,minorityfirmsriskexpandingtoofastandoverextendingthemselvesfinancially,sincemostaresmallconcernsand,unlikelargebusinesses,theyoftenneedtomakesubstantialinvestmentsinnewplants,staff,equipment,andthelikeinordertoperformworksubcontractedtothem.If,thereafter,theirsubcontractsareforsomereasonreduced,suchfirmscanfacepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.Theworldofcorporatepurchasingcanbefrustratingforsmallentrepreneurswhogetrequestsforelaborateformalestimatesandbids.Bothconsumevaluabletimeandresources,andasmallcompany’seffortsmustsoonresultinorders,orboththemoraleandthefinancialhealthofthebusinesswillsuffer.
AsecondriskisthatWhite-ownedcompaniesmayseektocashinontheincreasingapportionmentsthroughformationofjointventureswithminority-ownedconcerns.Ofcourse,inmanyinstancestherearelegitimatereasonsforjointventures;clearly,Whiteandminorityenterprisescanteamuptoacquirebusinessthatneithercouldacquirealone.ButcivilrightsgroupsandminoritybusinessownershavecomplainedtoCongressaboutminoritiesbeingsetupas“fronts”withWhitebacking,ratherthanbeingacceptedasfullpartnersinlegitimatejointventures.
Third,aminorityenterprisethatsecuresthebusinessofonelargecorporatecustomeroftenrunthedangerofbecoming-andremaining-dependent.Eveninthebestofcircumstances,fiercecompetitionfromlarger,moreestablishedcompaniesmakesitdifficultforsmallconcernstobroadentheircustomerbases:
whensuchfirmshavenearlyguaranteedordersfromasinglecorporatebenefactor,theymaytrulyhavetostruggleagainstcomplacencyarisingfromtheircurrentsuccess.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthetextisto
[A]presentacommonplaceideaanditsinaccuracies.
[B]describeasituationanditspotentialdrawbacks.
[C]proposeatemporarysolutiontoaproblem.
[D]analyzeafrequentsourceofdisagreement.
2.Thetextsuggeststhatthefailureofalargebusinesstohaveitsbidsforsubcontractsresultquicklyinordersmightcausesitto
[A]experiencefrustrationbutnotseriousfinancialharm.
[B]facepotentiallycripplingfixedexpenses.
[C]havetorecorditseffortsonformsfiledwiththegovernment.
[D]increaseitsspendingwithminoritysubcontractors.
3.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat,comparedwiththerequirementsoflaw,thepercentagegoalssetby“somefederalandlocalagencies”(line9,paragraph1)are
[A]morepopularwithlargecorporations.
[B]moreconcrete.
[C]lesscontroversial.
[D]lessexpensivetoenforce.
4.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheauthor’sassertionthat,inthe1970’s,corporateresponsetofederalrequirements(line1,paragraph2)wassubstantial?
[A]Corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessestotaled$2billionin1979.
[B]Between1970and1972,corporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinessesdeclinedby25percent.
[C]Thefigurescollectedin1977underrepresentedtheextentofcorporatecontractswithminority-ownedbusinesses.
[D]The$1.1billionrepresentedthesamepercentageoftotalcorporatespendingin1977asdid$77millionin1972.
5.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcorporateresponsetoworkingwithminoritysubcontractors?
[A]Annoyedbytheproliferationof“front”organizations,corporationsarelikelytoreducetheireffortstoworkwithminority-ownedsubcontractorsinthenearfuture.
[B]Althoughcorporationsshowedconsiderableinterest
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