国际贸易实务总结1.docx
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国际贸易实务总结1.docx
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国际贸易实务总结1
Chapter5InternationalTradeTerms
1.FOB:
Freeonboard(...namedportofshipment)(装运港船上交货)
⏹Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthesegoodspassovertheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.
⏹Thesellerdoesn’tneedtorentvessel.Althoughsellercanacceptthecommissionofbuyertorentvessel,buyerstillneedtobechargeofthefeeandrisk.
⏹Onlysuitableformarinetraffic.
⏹Astheloadingofthegoodsisacontinuousprocess,itishardtouseship’srailasapointtodivideresponsibilitiesandcosts.Toavoidanydispute,thereareseveralderivedterms.
◆FOBLinerTerms
◆FOBUnderTackle
◆FOBStowed
◆FOBTrimmed
2.CIF:
CostInsuranceandFreight(成本、保险费加运费)
⏹Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthesegoodspassovertheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.
⏹Thesellermustpaythecostsandfreightfromshipmenttodestination.
⏹Thesellerisobligedtoarrangemarineinsurance.(Thesellerarrangesinsuranceonlyonminimumcover.)
⏹CIF属于象征性交货(SymbolicDelivery),即卖方凭单交货,买方凭单付款
⏹Suitableformarinetraffic.
⏹Tostipulateclearlytheresponsibilityandcostofunloading,CIFalsohassomederivedterms:
◆CIFLinerTerms
◆CIFlanded
◆CIFExTackle
◆CIFExShipsHold
3.CFR:
CostandFreight(成本加运费价)
⏹Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyerwhenthesegoodspassovertheship’srailatthenamedportofshipment.
⏹Thesellermustpaythecostsandfreightfromshipmenttodestination..
⏹Thesellerdoesn’tneedtobuyinsurance.Underthiscondition,thesellershouldsendshippingnoticetothebuyer.
⏹Suitableformarinetraffic.
⏹Tostipulateclearlytheresponsibilityandcostofunloading,CIFalsohassomederivedterms:
◆CFRLinerTerms
◆CFRlanded
◆CFRExTackle
◆CFRExShip’sHold
4.FCA:
FreeCarrier(货交承运人)
⏹Theriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsistransferredfromthesellertothebuyeratthetimethenominatedcarrieracceptsthemattheprescribedplace.
⏹Ifdeliveryoccursattheseller’spremises,thesellerisresponsibleforloading.Ifdeliveryoccursatanyotherplace,thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading.
5.CPT:
CarriagePaidto(运费付至)
⏹Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarriernominatedbyhimbutthesellermustinadditionpaythecostofcarriagenecessarytobringthegoodstothenameddestination.
⏹Thebuyerbearsallrisksandanyothercostsoccurringafterthegoodshavebeensodelivered.
⏹Thesellerisresponsibleforsigningthecontractindesignatedplacetocarryandpayforrelatedfee.
6.CIP:
CarriageandInsurancePaidto(运费、保险费付至)
⏹Thebuyerbearsallrisksandanyothercostsoccurringafterthegoodshavebeensodelivered.
⏹Thesellerisresponsibleforsigningthecontractindesignatedplacetocarryandpayforrelatedfee.
⏹Thesellermustarrangetheinsurance
⏹Thesellerarrangesinsuranceonlyonminimumcover.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeassuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.
7.EXW:
ExWorks(工厂交货)
Thetermsmeansthesellerdeliverswhenheplacesthegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheseller’spremisesoranothernamedplacenotclearedforexportandnotloadedonanycollectingvehicle.Theseller’sobligationsceasewhenthebuyeracceptsthegoodsatthefactoryorwarehouse.Byusingtheterm,thesellerminimizeshisobligationswhilethebuyerobtainsatthelowestpossibleprice.
8.FAS:
FreeAlongsideShip(装运港船边交货)
⏹Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedalongsidethevesselatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatmoment.
⏹Thebuyerneedstogivethesellerpromptnoticeofthenameofthevessel,loadingberthanddeliverydates.
9.DAF:
DeliveredatFrontier(边境交货)
Thistermmeansthatthesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronthearrivingmeansoftransportnotunloaded,clearedforimportatthenamedpointandplaceatthefrontier,andbeforethecustomsborderoftheadjoiningcountry.
10.DES:
DeliveredExShip(目的港船上交货)
⏹Sellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyeronboardtheshipnotclearedforimportatthenamedportofdestination.
⏹Thesellerhastobearallthecostsandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbeforedischarging
⏹Thistermcanbeusedonlywhenthegoodsaretobedeliveredbyseaorinlandwaterwayormultimodaltransportonavesselintheportofdestination.
11.DEQ:
DeliveredExQuay(目的港码头交货)
⏹Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedatthedisposalofthebuyernotclearedforimportonthequayatthenamedportofdestination.
⏹Thesellerhastobearcostsandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationanddischargingthegoodsonthequay.卖方要将货物卸到岸上,并承担卸货费
12.DDU:
DeliveredDutyUnpaid(未完税后交货)
⏹Thesellerdeliversthegoodstothebuyer,notclearedforimport,andnotunloadedfromanyarrivingmeansoftransportatthenamedplaceofdestination.
⏹Thesellerhastobearthecostandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodsthereto,otherthan,whereapplicable,any“duty”forimportinthecountryofdestination.
13.DDP:
DeliveredDutyPaid(完税后交货)
⏹Thesellerdeliversthegoodstothebuyer,clearedforimport,andnotunloadedfromanyarrivingmeansoftransportatthenamedplaceofdestination.
⏹Thesellerhastobearallthecostandrisksinvolvedinbringingthegoodsthereto,otherthan,whereapplicable,any“duty”forimportinthecountryofdestination.
Summaryforallitems
一、各组贸易术语
(一)E组术语(启运术语,Departure)
(二)F组术语(主运费未付术语,MainCarriageUnpaid)
vF组术语的风险划分界限和费用划分界限不相分离
v象征性交货(FAS属于实际交货)
v属于装运合同
(三)C组术语(主运费已付术语,MainCarriagePaid)
vC组术语的风险划分界限和费用划分界限相分离
v属于装运合同。
v象征性交货
(四)D组术语(到达术语,Arrival)
v以D组术语成交的合同属于到达合同。
vD组术语中,除DEQ下卖方负责卸货外,其余的术语下卖方均不负责卸货.
二.重要术语概念及区别
1.FOB
根据FOB术语买卖双方的风险界点在装运港的船舷,货物在装运港越过船舷以前的风险卖方承担,越过船舷以后的风险买方承担。
2.CIF
CIF合同典型象征性交货,即卖方凭单交货,买方凭单付款,只要卖方所提交的单据是齐全的、正确的,即使货物在运输途中灭失,买方仍需付款,不得拒付。
卖方只需投保最低的险别,并由买方承担费用,但在买方要求时,可在买方承担费用的情况下,加保战争险。
3.CFR
CFR合同中卖方要及时发出装船通知(shippingadvice)的义务,若未及时通知,会致风险推迟转移。
4.FCA
买方负责订立运输契约,指定承运人到装运地点接货,买方可以委托卖方代办运输事项,但此项活动的风险和费用均由买方承担。
所以如果卖方租不到船、订不到舱的风险应由买方承担。
5.CIPVSCIF
相同:
都包括保险费
差别:
CIF适合水上运输,交货地点在装运港,风险划分以船舷为界,卖方负责租船订舱、支付从装运港到目的港的运费,并办理水上运输险,支付保险费。
CIP适合各种运输方式,交互地点要根据运输方式的不同由双方约定,风险是在承运人控制货物时转移。
卖方要办理从交货地点到指定目的地的全程运输(而不仅仅是水上运输)。
卖方办理的保险也要包括全程运输险(而不仅仅是水上运输险)。
6.FCA、CPT、CIPVSFOB、CFR、CIF
相同点:
都是象征性交货术语。
不同点
1、适合的运输方式不同
FOB、CFR、CIF,适合单纯海运。
FCA、CPT、CIP,适合多种运输。
2、交货地点和风险转移点不同
♠FOB、CFR、CIF,交货地点均在装运港船上,风险均在越过船舷时从卖方转移给买方。
♠FCA、CPT、CIP,交货地点也在出口地,但具体地点根据不同的运输方式和不同的约定而定。
货物灭失或损坏的风险,在买方或其代理人将货物交由承运人保管时,由卖方转移给买方。
3、装卸费用负担不同
♠FOB、CFR、CIF,因运输仅限于船舶运行,因此,在FOB合同中,要明确装船费用由何方负责;在CFR、CIF合同中则要明确卸货费用由何方承担
♠FCA、CPT、CIP,如果涉及海洋运输兵使用租船装运,则买方将货物交给承运人所支付的运费(CPT、CIP)。
或由买方支付的运费(FCA),已经包含了承运人接管货物后在装运港的装船费用和目的港的卸货费用。
因此,FCA、CPT、CIP合同中不存在FOB、CFR、CIF合同中的卸货费用由谁负担的问题
4、运输单据不同
♠FOB、CFR、CIF,卖方一般向买方提交已装船的清洁提单
♠FCA、CPT、CIP,如果在海运和内河运输方式下,卖方应提供海运单和内河运单;如果在铁路、公路、航空运输或多式联运方式下,则卖方要分别提供铁路运单、公路运单、航空运输单或多式联运提单
Chapter7InternationalCargoTransport
ModesofTransport
●OceanCarriage/OceanShipping/MarineTransportation
◆LinerTransport班轮运输或定期运输
⏹Fourfixedfactors:
regularline,regularport,
regulartimetable,comparativelyfixedfreight
⏹LinerFreight
Consist:
基本运费(Basicfreight)+附加运费(surcharges)
基本运费一般根据等级费率运价表计算。
等级费率运价表是由货物分级表和航线等级费率表构成。
货物分级表将各种货物按一定方式分为1-20级,并表明计费方法,航线费率表规定不同航线上1-20级货物的单位费率。
附加费:
燃油附加费、港口附加费、转船附加费、绕航附加费、超长超重附加费、货币贬值附加费、变更卸货港附加费、直航附加费、选港附加费等。
Formula:
运费总额=基本运费率X(1+附加费用率之和)X货物数量
◆CharterTransport
⏹Modesofchartertransport
ØVoyageCharter定程租船或航次租船
Underavoyagecharter,paymentbythecharterisusuallybasedonanagreedratepertonforafullandcompletecargo.
ØTimeCharter定期租船
Charterashipforacertaintimespan.
ØBareBoatCharter(BBC)光船租船或净船期租
Allwhatashipperchartersisthevesselitself.Thecharterisresponsibleforcrewing,provisioningandfuelling,maintainingandevenpayingdifferenttaxesorduties.
ØTimeCharteronTripBasis(TCT)航次期租
⏹CharterFreight
Ø定程租船运费的支付方式
运费预付(FreightPrepaid):
CIF就是这种运费到付(FreightCollected)
ØRateoffreight(运费率)
ØLump-sumfreight(整船包价)
ØLoadingandunloadingchargesundervoyagecharter(程租船的装卸费)
船方负担装货费和卸货费(GrossTerms)
船方管装不管卸(FO,FreeOut)
船方管卸不管装(FI,FreeIn)
船方装和卸均不管(FIO,FreeInandOut)
●RailTransport
●AirTransport
●ContainerTransport
●InternationalMultimodalTransport
●LandBridgeTransport
●Others
⏹RoadTransportation
⏹InlandWaterTransportation
⏹ParcelPostTransport
⏹PipelineTransportation
ClauseofShipment
●Timeofshipment装运时间
Payattentionto:
TimeofShipment装运时间&TimeofDelivery交货时间
●PortofShipmentandPortofDestination装运港(地)和目的港(地)
It’ssuitabletoGroupFandGroupC
●ShippingAdvice装运通知
●PartialShipmentandTransshipment分批装运和转运
⏹Partialshipment
在不同时间将不同港口的货物装在同一航次、同一条船上,由于这条船上所在的货物同时到达目的港,故不能称其为分批装运。
Partialshipmentsallowed
Partialshipmentsprohibited
⏹Transshipment
买房出售的货物,如没有直达船驶往目的港或船期不固定或航次间隔时间太长,为了方便装运,买方往往要求在合同中增加允许转运的条款。
●Laytime,DemurrageandDispatch装卸时间、滞期费和速遣费
这些术语只在程租船运输方式下才出现,而且实际业务中,负责装卸货物的不一定是租船人,而是买卖合同中的一方当事人,所以在买卖合同中要规定以上几项。
⏹Laytime:
isthetimeallowedforthecompletionofloadingandunloading,anditisusuallyexpressedbydaysorhours.
ØDaysorRunningDays日:
includingbadweatherdays,Sundaysoranyotherholidays,unfavorabletotheshipper.
ØWeatherW
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