英语论文英语语合同谈判技巧模式探究.docx
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英语论文英语语合同谈判技巧模式探究.docx
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英语论文英语语合同谈判技巧模式探究
∙英语合同谈判技巧模式探究
∙AThesisSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirements
摘要
商务谈判本质上是一种运用语言进行经济的活动。
它的成功与否依赖于语言的运用。
在商务合同谈判中,谈判双方既相互竞争又要相互合作。
在保持合作关系的前提下,每一方都会想方设法地去赢取自身的最大利益。
然而商务合同谈判中由于双方利益对立的关系,冲突和争端是不可避免的。
所以怎样平衡谈判中的竞争和合作,对谈判者来说是非常重要的。
这需要通过使用恰当的语言来实现,尤其是使用礼貌语言。
许多学者从心理学、经济学的角度对商业谈判所需的技巧作了深入研究,但从语言学的角度来阐释语用策略对商务谈判的影响这方面的研究不多见。
本论文希望通过从词汇、时态、语态和句法方面对商务谈判中礼貌语言和策略进行研究,来对这一领域的研究做出一点贡献。
本论文结合了格赖斯的合作原则、利奇的礼貌原则、布朗和莱文森的面子理论这三种理论对商务谈判中的案例进行比较详细全面的研究和探讨。
希望该项研究能够给商务谈判者提供一些规则和指导,帮助他们更好地解决谈判中遇到的冲突和争端,并帮助他们运用恰当的礼貌语言和策略去创造一种和谐合作的关系进而推动谈判的顺利进行,最终实现商务合同谈判的高效和双赢。
关键词:
商务口语谈判;消极礼貌;积极礼貌;礼貌原则
Abstract
Businesscontractnegotiationisessentiallyakindofeconomicactivitythroughlanguage.Whetheritsucceedsornotdependsontheuseoflanguage.Inbusinessnegotiation,bothpartieshavetocooperatewitheachotheraswellasbeingcompetitiveagainsteachother.Eitherpartywillendeavorto,winthemostbenefitswhilemaintainingcooperationwitheachother.However,discrepanciesandconflictsareinevitableinbusinessnegotiationduetothecompetitiveeconomicinterestofbothparties.Soitseemscrucialfornegotiatorstofindthewayofbalancingcompetitionandcooperationinbusinessnegotiation.Undoubtedly,thisgoal
hastobeachievedthroughtheappropriatelanguage,especiallythepolitelanguage.
Numerousbookshavebeenpublishedtoofferguidelinesforbusinessnegotiation,buttheyrarelygiveattentiontolinguisticstrategiesinbusinessnegotiation.Sothisdissertationaimstoanalyzelinguisticrealizationofpolitenessinbusinessnegotiationwithregardtolexicon,tense,voice,mood,andsyntax.Grice'sCooperativePrinciple,Leech'sPolitenessPrincipleandB&L'sFaceTheoryserveasunderlyingprinciplesinouranalysisandthedescriptionofthecasestudy.Basedonthesetheories,acarefulcaseanalysisoflinguisticstrategiesofpolitenessinbusinesscontractnegotiationismade.
Itishopedthatthisresearchwillprovidesomeguidelinesforbusinessnegotiatorstosettledisputesandconflictsinbusinesscontractnegotiation,assistthemincreatingacooperativerelationshipwitheachotherthroughemployingproperlinguisticstrategiesofpolitenesstheoryandfinallyimprovetheefficiencyofbusinesscontractnegotiationandrealizethelongtermwin-winnegotiation.
KeyWords:
BusinessContractnegotiation,NegativePoliteness,PositivePoliteness:
PolitenessPrinciple
目录
摘要I
AbstractII
ChapterOneIntroduction1
1.1Rationaleofthestudy1
1.2ResearchMethodology1
1.3Datacollection1
ChapterTwoLiteratureReview3
2.1TheBriefSurveyofBusinessNegotiation3
2.1.1TheDefinitionofBusinessNegotiation3
2.1.2ThePrinciplesofBusinessNegotiation3
2.1.3TheLanguageintheContextofBusinessNegotiation4
2.2StudiesontheDevelopmentofPolitenessTheories4
2.2.1Studiesabroad4
2.2.2Studiesathome5
ChapterThreeTheoreticalFoundations8
3.1FourMainViewsofPolitenessTheories8
3.2Grice'sCooperativePrinciple8
3.3Lakoff`''sTheoryofPolitenes8
3.4Leech'sPolitenessPrinciple8
3.5BrownandLevinson'sFaceTheory8
3.5.1ConceptofFace8
3.5.2Face-threateningActs(FTAs)8
3.5.3PolitenessStrategies8
3.5.4ThreeIndependentVariables8
ChapterFourLinguisticAnalysisofPolitenessTheoriesinBusinessContractNegotiation9
4.1NegativePoliteness9
4.1.1LexicalItems9
4.1.1.1PersonalPronoun9
4.1.1.2HedgingWordsandPhrases9
4.1.1.3HesitationWords9
4.1.2代写英语毕业论文
Syntax9
4.1.2.1ConditionalClause9
4.1.2.2InterrogativeSentences9
4.1.3TenseandVoice9
4.1.3.1Tense9
4.1.3.2Voice9
4.1.4Summary9
4.2PositivePoliteness9
4.2.1Lexicalitems9
4.2.1.1Hedgingwordsandphrases9
4.2.1.2TransitionalWord"But"9
4.2.2Syntax9
4.2.2.1HedgingSentences9
4.2.2.2TagQuestions9
4.2.3Voice9
4.2.4Summary9
ChapterFiveResultsandDiscussion10
5.1ResearchResults10
5.2PolitenessinPsychologicalandSocial-culturalPerspectives10
5.2.1PolitenessinPsychologicalPerspective10
5.2.2PolitenessinSocial-culturalPerspective10
ChapterSixConclusion11
6.1GeneralSummary12
6.2PossibleTheoreticalandPracticalSignificance13
6.3Limitations13
6.4SuggestionsforFurtherStudies13
References13
Appendix13
ChapterOneIntroduction
1.1Rationaleofthestudy
Withtheemergenceofaglobaleconomy,Chinainteractsandcommunicateswiththeforeigncountriesmoreandmorefrequently.Especiallybusinessnegotiationbecomesmoreimportantthaneverbefore.Howtoconductasuccessfulnegotiation,orhowtobeanexcellentnegotiatorarethequestionsconcernedbymanybusinessmen.Atnotimeinhistoryhastherebeensogreataneedforinternationalnegotiationskills.
Businessnegotiationisessentiallyakindofeconomicactivitythroughlanguage.Whetheritsucceedsdependslargelyontheuseoflanguage.Bothpartieshavetocooperatewitheachotheraswellasbeingcompetitiveagainsteachother.Eitherpartywillendeavortowinthemostofbenefitswhilemaintainingcooperationwiththeother.AsanegotiationexpertcalledHerbCohen(1983)says,successfulnegotiationdoesnotmeanwinningby,defeatingtheotherparty,butwinningbygettingwhatbothpartieswant.Undoubtedly,thisgoalhastobeachievedthroughanappropriatelanguage.However,thedomesticstudyofnegotiationusuallyfocusesonthestrategicdimensionofthenegotiationprocessanddiscussionsconcentrateonbusinessrelationshipsbetweentheconcernedparties,psychologicalstrategies,tactics,bargainingstrategies,contingencypositions,andsoon.Numerousbookshavebeenpublishedonthisfocus.Rarelydotheygiveattentiontolanguageitselfinbusinessnegotiation.
Sinceinacompetitiveworld,cooperationhasbecometheoperationalruleforthepursuitanddefenseofinterest,effectivenegotiationthroughdialoguemanagementprovidesanimportantmeansofgoalrealizationforthenegotiatorsofbothsides.Tobestmanageandcontroldialoguesincompetitivesituations,alinguisticapproachtonegotiationisatleastaseffectiveasotherliteratureonthesuccessfulbusinessnegotiation.
Infact,languageisoftentakenforgrantedperhapsbecauseitisusedeveryday.Negotiatorsmayhavetheirattentionfocusedonthemorematerialaspectsofanissuetheyarediscussing,andneglectthefundamentalrolelanguageisplayinginthebeandButrepresentationoftheseaspects.Yettheeffectivenessofnegotiatingskillscanimprovewiththeartoflanguage.Properphrasesoflanguagecanbecooperativepolitetosavethehearer'spositive/negativefaceaswellasthespeaker's.Improperlinguisticstrategiescandonothingbuthurttheself-esteemofthehearerorimposerestrictionupontheaddressee,orevenbreakthebusinessnegotiation.Sosuccessfulnegotiatorswillnottakelanguageforgrantedinthedifficultandcomplexworldofhumaninteraction.
Languagefornegotiatorsisbynomeansasmallthing.Touselanguagewellalwaysmeanstobecooperativeandpoliteinyourlanguage.CooperativePrinciple(hereafterabbreviatedasCP)andPolitenessPrinciple(hereafterabbreviatedasPP)arewidelyknownprinciplesusedtointerprettheliteralsenseandpragmaticforceofutterancesinpragmaticperspective.Thereisa"trade-off?
'relationshipbetweenthem.Ontheonehand,CPenablesoneparticipantinaconversationtocommunicateontheassumptionthattheotherparticipantisbeingcooperative.Asaresult,CPhasthefunctionofregulatingwhatwesayandensuringthatitcontributestosomeassumedillocutionaryordiscoursegoals.Ontheotherhand,PPplaysaregulativerole,maintainingthesocialequilibriumandthefriendlyrelationsthatenableustoassumethatourinterlocutorsarebeingcooperativeinthefirstplace(Leech,1983:
82).
Recentlyscholarshavejustbeguntopayattentiontothelanguagewithpolitenessstrategiesinnegotiating.Eventhoughnospecialbooksorworkshavebeenpublishedinthisarea,somepapersandtheseshavestudiedbusinessnegotiationfromtheperspectiveofpolitenessprinciples.Forexample,somescholarsusedthesixmaximsofpolitenessprinciplesproposedbyLeechtoexplorebusinessnegotiation.SomeotherpeoplehaveappliedBrownandLevinson'sFace-savingTheory(FST)tothestudyofbusinessnegotiation.Andsomerulesandfeaturesoflexiconandsentencepatternshavebeendetectedandsummarized,suchas,pronoun,theimpersonalwords,modalverbs,interrogativesentence,orif-clause,etc.Theseruleswhicharealreadywidelyacceptedandadoptedbynegotiatorsareprovedtobeeffectiveinsettlingthedisputesandimprovingefficiencyofbusinessnegotiation.
Uptonowfewattemptshavebeen,madetoapplybothCooperativePrincipleandPolitenessPrinciplestothestudyofbusinessnegotiationmanipulation.Thepresentthesiswillbeanewattemptinthisaspect.
1.2ResearchMethodology
Thisthesiswillconductananalysisofbusinessnegotiationdataandqualitativedescriptionisthemainresearchmethodology.Thedataarecollectedfrommanybusinessnegotiationmaterials,fromwhichtenpassagesareselectedandattachedintheappendix.Theanalysisoftheresearchcanbedividedintotwoparts.OnepartadoptsBrownandLevinson'sFaceTheoryandanalyzesthecasesfrompositivepolitenessandnegativepoliteness,whichisthecontentofChapter4.IntheotherpartChapter5,thecaseswhichhavelittleconnectionwithface-threateningactsareanalyzedbasedonGrice'sCooperativePrincipleandLeech'sPolitenessPrinciple.Thedataofthesetwochaptersareobservedandanalyzedfromlexicon,syntax,tenseandv
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- 英语论文 英语 合同 谈判 技巧 模式 探究