高三英语语法名词复习.docx
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高三英语语法名词复习.docx
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高三英语语法名词复习
第一章名词
一.定义:
名词表示人,事物,地方,现象及其他抽象概念名称的词。
分类如下表:
名词:
1.普通名词→1.1可数名词(=1.1.1个体名词eg:
teacher+1.1.2集体名词eg:
police)+1.2不可数名词(=1.2.1物质名词eg:
water+1.2.2抽象名词eg:
happiness)
2.专有名词(如Tom,China等)
二.可数和不可数名词
可数名词表示可以计数的人,事物的名词。
有单复数区别,其变化分为规则变化和不规则变化。
1.规则变化:
(1)一般情况直加s
map-mapsbag-bagsteacher-teachers
place-placesnurse-nursespage-pages
词尾s在清辅音后读/s/,浊辅音和元音后读/z/,以ce,se,ge结尾的名词后读/iz/
(2)以s,x,ch,sh,ss,结尾加es
Watch-watchesbox-boxesbuses/iz/
以ch结尾的加es,但ch读/k/时,复数直加sstomach-stomachs
(3)以辅音字母+y结尾结尾的,改y为i,再加escity-citiescountry-countries;以元音字母+y结尾,直加s,boys,days;以y结尾的专有名词,直加s,TheHenrys,ThelittleMarys
(4)以f,fe结尾的可数名词,该f,fe为v,再加es,knife-knives,leaf-leaves,life-lives,但以下情况直接加s:
roof-roofschief-chiefsbrief-briefs
proof-proofsgulf-gulfsbelif-beliefssafe-safes(保险箱)handkerchief-handkerchiefs,handkerchieves
(5)以辅音字母+o结尾多加es
hero-heroestomato-tomatoes
potato-potatoesvolcano-volcanoes/iz/
以元音字母+o结尾,或是外来词汇,直加s:
photo-photoszoo-zoosradio-radios
bamboo-bamboosvideo-videos
studio-studiospiano-pianos
少数词均可:
motto-mottos,mottoes
zero-zeros,zeroes
mosquito-mosquitos,mosquitoes
2.不规则变化
(1)变元音字母
man-menwoman-womenfoot-feet
tooth-teethgoose-geese
(2)变词尾
Child-childrenpenny-pencemouse-mice
(3)单复同形
fishdeersheepmeansChinese(国人以se结尾的词)..
(4)只有复数的
Clothestrousersglassesgoodsthanksshortsscissorsscalescompasses
contents,remains,belongings
有些名词要表示数量时,需要加上相应的单位名词apairoftrousersasuitofclothes
Hairfruitfood通常用单数表示总称。
但表示若干根头发用复数afewwhitehairs
(5)字母、数字、符号、单词、缩略语等当作个体名词看待时在其后加-或’s。
Threes’s3个sfive3’s
(6)有主体的复合名词变复数
Student-teacher-----student-teachers
Looker-on------lookers-on
Brother-in-law-----brothers-in-law
(7)没有主体的复合名词变复数,词尾加s:
go-between----go-betweensgrown-up---growns-up
(8)由man.woman构成的复合名词变复数,两部分都要变
man-teacher---men-teachers
woman-engineer—women-engineers
(9)有些名词本身就是复数意义
peoplecattlestaffpolicepublicsheep
(10)有些词虽以s结尾,但是单数
newspoliticsphysicsmaths/mathematics
(11)以is的结尾的外来词,改is为es
emphasis—emphases强调
crisis---crises危机basis—bases基础
thesis—these论文
(12)有些外来词有自己独特的形式
datum-data数据medium—media媒体
phenomenon-phenomena现象
mouse-mice老鼠penny-pence便士
三.不可数名词,不分单复数,不能与a,an连用,但可与some,或…of短语的结构连用。
需要注意的几点:
(1)有些词加s后意义变了
wood-woods树林
sand-sands沙滩
iron-irons手,脚铐
cloth-clothes衣服
force-forces军队
good-goods货物
green-greens蔬菜
content-contents目录
people-peoples民族
manner-manner礼貌
spirit-spirits情绪
paper-paper论文
glass-glasses眼镜,玻璃杯
water-waters海域,大片的水
time-times次数,倍数,时代
work-works工程,著作custom-customs关税
TheCustoms海关
(2)有些物质名词要根据上下文来决定是用可数还是不可数
Heateachicken.
Idon’tlikechicken.
Aglassismadeofglass.
(3)有些此用复数意义不一样
Tea-teasfruit-fruitsfood-foods
(4)有些抽象词表“某种”“一次”时可用不定冠词
Hismotherreceivedagoodeducation.
Haveagoodknowledgeof
Haveagoodunderstandingof
(5)不可数名词常用of词组来表示数量
可用little,alittle=abitof,much,agreatdealof,alargequantityof,alargeamountof,alotof,lotsof,plentyof等修饰
muchfurnituretwopiecesofadvice
alittlericeplentyofinformation
四.集体名词的数:
有些集体名词被看作整体时,用单数;如着重强调该集体的成员时用复数:
family,class,team,public,group,company,enemy,party,audience,government,crew,crowd,committee
Hisfamilyisbig.
HisfamilyarewatchingTV.
五.专有名词:
表人名,地名,团体,机构等专有的名称,一般表独一无二的事物,第一个字母要大写。
专有名词分有冠词和无冠词的。
1.无冠词的专有名词
人名;称呼;地名;星期月份;节日;专有名词+普通名词
LuXun;ThomasEdison;
ProfessorZhang;Dad;UncleTom
Beijing;MountTai;Asia
Women’sDay;Easter
KennedyAirport;OxfordRoad
注:
用地名命名的大学可有两种形式;用人名命名的的只一种
NanjingUniversity=theUniversityofNanjing;
YaleUniversity
2.无冠词的专有名词,常见的:
theGreatWalltheUnitedStates
thePeople’sRepublicofChina
theChinesetheFrenchtheSmiths
theTimes报刊书籍前,theBible,theReader’sDigest,江河湖海前带the:
thetheYellowRiver,TheWestLake
六.名词所有格:
表示所属关系,形式如下:
(一).有生命的名词的格
1.单数直接加’s
Mymother’sbagthecat’stail
2.不以s结尾的复数名词后加’s
Women’sDaytheChildren’sPalace
3.以s结尾的复数名词后加’
theteachers’buildingthebirds’nest
4.复合名词和短语的格加在最后一词后’s
herbrother-in-law’sbike
thePremierofFrance’scar
adayortwo’sstay
someoneelse’skeys
5.并列名词表各自所属时在两名词后都加’s,但表示共同所属时只在后面一个加’s
Mary’sandTom’sfathers
MaryandTom’sfathers
6.以s结尾的专有名词一般加’或’s
Dickens’/Dickens’sbooks
7.表示店铺,某人的家,私人开的诊所,餐馆等所有格后的名词可以省略
atthedentist’satBill’s
8.名词后有同位语的所有格时把’s加在同位语后
Myyoungerbrother,John’sbike
(二).无生命的名词的格:
通常用“of+名词”的形式
Theroofofthehouse
Thequestionofthistext
注1:
表示有生命的名词,如果较长或定语较长,也可用“of+名词”
ThebooksofLuxun,LaoSheandBaJin
Thenameofthegirllyinginbed
注2:
表示时间,距离,度量衡,价值,自然现象,集体,城市,国家,团体机构及某些习惯中,可以用’s表示所属关系:
今天的报纸—
十分钟的路程—
两英里的行程---
上海的工业---
党的号召----
20美元的价值---
中国的人口----
Atastonethrow—近在咫尺
Atanarm’slength在伸手可及的地方
(三)双重所有格:
由of+名词’s构成,主要是为了避免名词的重复,强调语气或表某种感情色彩
Heisafriendofmyfather’s=Heisoneofmyfather’sfriends.
1.用法:
of之前名词的前面通常有一个限定词(如a,any,some,no,few,several,two,three)
HaveyoureadanybooksofLuXun’s?
Twoclassmatesofmyfriend’shavecome.
2.of之前名词的前面通常有this,that表示感情色彩。
ThatanswerofLiDong’sisnotright.
3.意义区别:
a.侧重点不同
Heisafriendofmyfather’s(侧重我父亲朋友不只一个)
Heisafriendofmyfather(侧重说明“他”是我父亲的朋友)
b.当of之前的名词是picture等词时含义不同
Thisisapictureofmyfriend’s.这是我朋友收藏/拥有的一张照片。
Thisisapictureofmyfriend这是我朋友的一张照片。
名词练习
一.单选
1.TheChinesepeople______.
A.isagreatpeopleB.areagreatpeople
B.aregreatpeopleD.aregreatpeoples
2.Somethingwaswrongwith____car,butluckilytheyknewhowtofixit.
A.Jim’sandTom’sB.JimandTom’s
B.Jim’sandTomD.JimandTom
3.Heisafriendof_____.
A.Kate’sfather’sB.Kate’sfather
C.Father’sofKateD.Katefather’s
4.ThenewsofVictories___gotroundquickly.
A.isB.areC.havebeenD./
5.Therich___notalwayshappy.
A.areBisC.haveD.has
6.Yourtrousers____dirty,youmust___washed.
A.is,itBare,itC.is,themD.are,them
7.He,includinghisparents,____thisnovel.
A.likeB.likesC.arelikeD.islike
8.Therearethree____inourclass.
A.Zhou’sB.Zhous’C.ZhousD.Zhous’s
9.Thebridgeis____.
A.ten-metres’B.tenmetreC.ten-metersD.tenmetres
10.Mothermadeanewskirtwithtwometersof___.
A.clothesB,clothC.dressD.cloths
11.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmall___
A.oneB.copyC.pairD.set
12.Hedroppedthe___andbrokeit.
A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scup
C.cupcoffeeD.coffeecup
13.Let’shavea___break.
A.tenminute’sB.ten-minutes
C.tenminutes’D.tenminutes
14.___shouldbestrictwith_____.
A.Teachers,astudentB.Theteachers,students
C.Teachers,studentsD.Teachers,astudent
15.Theyplayedinthe___foranhour,andwhentheyreturned,theyfoundtheirgoods___stolen.
A.sand,wereB.sand,was
C.sands,wereD.sands,was
16.Youshouldtakemore___.Don’talwayssitatthedeskbusydoingyour_____.
A.exercise,exerciseB.exercises,exercises
C.exercises,exerciseD.exercise,exercises
17.___ismadeof____.
A.Glass,theglassB.AGlass,glass
C.Glass,glassD.AGlass,aglass
18.InBritain___areallpaintedred.
A.letterboxesB.LettersboxC.letterbox
D.lettersbox
19.Thisisanoldphotoofmymother’swhenshehad___,andnowshehas____.
A.shorthair,greyhairsB.shorthairs,greyhairs
C.shorthair,greyhairD.shorthairs,greyhair
20.Therefour____andtwo_____inthegroup.
A.Japanese,GermenB.Japanesee,Germen
C.Japanese,GermanD.Japanese,Germans
21.Thisisthefirsttimeinour__thatwehavecometoBeijing.
A.lifeB.liveC.livesD.lifes
22.Hegainedhis___byprinting___offamouswriters.
A.wealth,workB.wealths,works
C.wealths,workD.wealth,works
23.Hereismycard.Let’skeepin____.
A.connectionB.relationC.touchD.friendship
24.Ifyoudon’ttakeawayallthethingsfromthedesk,therewon’tbeenough___formystationery.
A.areaB.placeC.roomD.surface
25.Itiswidelyacceptedthatyoungbabieslearntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto___.
A.rewardsB.prizesC.awardsD.results
26.Oneoftheadvantagesoflivingonthetopfloorofahighbuildingisthatyoucangetagood____.
A.sightB.sceneC.viewD.look
27.Two___teachersandfour_____studentswerepraisedatthemeetingyesterday.
A.women,girlB.woman,girl
C.woman,girlsD.women,girls
28.Toregaintheir___afteranexhaustinggame,theplayerslayonthegrass.
A.forceB.energyC.powerD.health
29.—Whatabouthavingadrink?
---___.
A.Goodidea.B.Helpyourself
B.Goahead,please.D.Me,too.
30.—It’sbeenawonderfulevening.Thankyou.
---____.
A.MypleasureB.I’mgladtohearthat
C.No,thanksD.It’sOk
31.Ifthedictionaryisnotyours,___canitbe?
A.whatelseB.WhoelseC.Whichelse’s
D.Whoelse’s
32.Theresearchhasattractedwide____coverageandhasfeaturedonBBCthetelevision’sTomorrow’sWorld.
A.mediaB.informationC.dataD.message
33.Thelawyeradvisedhimtodropthe___sincehesandslittlechancetowin.
A.eventB.incidentC.caseD.affair
34.Thesebooks,whichyoucangetatanybookshops,willgiveyou___youneed.
A.allofinformationB.alloftheinformation
C.alltheinformationsD.alltheinformation
35.Thisisanoldphotoofmyaunt’swhenshehad___,andnowshehas____.
A.shorthair,greyhairsB.shorthairs,greyhairs
C.shorthair,greyhairD.shorthairs,greyhair
36.Everymeans____preventthewaterfrom_____.
A.areusedto,pollutingB.getusedto,polluting
B.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluting
37.It’sbad___tospeakwithyourmouthfulloffood.
A.mannerB.mannersC.wayD.thing
38.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe___writerswho____storiesforchildren.
A.woman,writesB.women,write
D.women,writesD.woman,write
39.The
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