语言学导论课件.docx

语言学导论课件.docx

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语言学导论课件

Chapter1Introduction

（1）aboutlanguage

1.Agenerallyaccepteddefinition:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

Languagemustbeasystem.

Languageisarbitrary.

Languageissymbolic.

Languageisprimarilyvocal.

Languageishuman-specific.

许国璋先生对‘语言’的定义做了如下概括:

语言是人类特有的一种符号系统,

当它作用于人与人的关系的时候,它是表达相互反应的中介;

当它作用于人与客观世界的关系的时候,它是认知事物的工具;

当它作用于文化的时候,它是文化的载体和容器。

designfeaturesofhumanlanguages:

arbitrariness

creativity

dualityofstructure

displacement

culturaltransmission

2.designfeaturesofhumanlanguage

●arbitrariness（任意性）:

Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.

e.g.书（汉）----book（英）

Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet（Shakespeare）.

Findsomecasesinwhichthelanguageweuseisnotarbitrary.

*onomatopoeia（拟声）:

quack-quackbangcrashroarcuckoodingdongkachaputong

*compounds:

rainbowbittersweetpickpocket

*pictograph（象形文字）/hieroglyph（象形符号）

休从北

⏹Arbitrarinessandconvention

●productivity/creativity（创造性）:

Wecanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentenceswehaveneverheardbefore.

Wecancreateendlesssentences.

e.g.Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacherwhotaughtinaschoolwhichwasknownforitsgraduateswho…

●dualityofstructure（结构的二重性）:

Humanlanguageisasystemconsistingoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels.

thehigherlevel:

astructureofmeaningfulunits（morphemesorwords）

thelowerlevel:

astructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves

e.g.pencake

[p][e][n][k][ei][k]

●displacement（不受时空限制的特征）:

Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentorabsent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.

e.g.A:

WhenareyoumovingtoAmerica?

B:

I’mnotsureyet.Maybenextmonth.

●culturaltransmission:

Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.

e.g.thestoryofawolfchild

3.functionsoflanguage

●phatic:

Hello.

Goodmorning.

Lovelyweather,isn’tit?

吃饭了吗?

去哪里呀?

●directive:

Passmethesalt,please.

Don’tdothatanymore.

You’dbetterdoityourself.

●informative:

Waterfreezesat32degreesandboilsat212degreesFahrenheit.

●interrogative:

Whattimeisitnow?

●performative:

e.g.（thechairman）:

NowIdeclarethemeetingopen.

（thejudge）:

Isentenceyouto10yearsinprison.

●expressive:

I’msorrytohearthat.

I’mgladtomeetyou.

Thankyouverymuch!

Congratulations!

●evocative:

Theuseoflanguagetocreatecertainfeelinginthehearer.Itsaimistoamuse,startle,angerorplease.

e.g.jokes,threat,warning

●metalingual:

Wordslike“I,you,he”arepronouns.

*otherclassifications:

A.descriptivefunction

expressivefunction

socialfunction

B.ideationalfunction概念功能

interpersonalfunction人际功能

textualfunction语篇功能

C.addresser---emotive情感的

addressee---conative意动的

context---referential所指的

message---poetic诗学的

contact---phaticcommunion交感的

code---metalinguistic元语言的

4.theoriginoflanguage

●thedivine-origintheory:

AccordingtoChristianbelief,GodgaveAdamthepowertonameallthings.

“Sohe（God）tooksomesoilfromthegroundandformedalltheanimalsandallthebirds.Thenhebroughtthemtothemantoseewhathewouldnamethem,andthatishowtheygottheirnames.

●theinventiontheory:

Manypeoplethinkthatmaninventedlanguage.

Somepeoplebelievethatlanguageatitsearlieststageconsistedof“criesofnature”.

Otherssuggestthatlanguagearoseoutofthegruntsofmenworkingtogether.

●theevolutionarytheory:

Inthelongprocessofevolution,mengraduallystoodup.Freeuseofthelungsandthevocalcordsmadeitpossibleformentoarticulatesounds.

Somebelievethatitislaborthatcreatedthenecessityforlanguage.

（2）aboutlinguistics

Linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.

Apersonwhostudieslinguisticsisusuallyreferredtoasalinguist.

1.mainbranchesoflinguistics

phonetics,phonology

morphology

syntax

semantics

pragmatics

stylistics

sociolinguistics

neurolinguistics

psycholinguistics

appliedlinguistics

computationallinguistics

2.someimportantdistinctions:

●descriptive（描述性的）vs.prescriptive（规定性的）:

Ifalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,itissaidtobeprescriptive.

PeoplesayX.

Don’tsayX,sayY.

●synchronic（共时的）vs.diachronic（历时的）:

Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.

OldEnglishs

MiddleEnglishs

ModernEnglishsd

●langue（语言系统）andparole（言语）（Saussure）

Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

●competence（语言能力）andperformance（语言运用）（Chomsky）

Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

●traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics:

1.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.

2.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.

3.ModernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.

Chapter2Phonology

Theprimarymediumofhumanlanguageissound.

phonetics（语音学）---thesciencewhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription

speechsounds---soundsthatconveymeaninginhumancommunication

（1）threebranchesofphonetics:

●Articulatoryphonetics（发音语音学）studieshowspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.

●Auditoryphonetics（听觉语音学）studieshowsoundsareperceivedbythehearer.

●Acousticphonetics（声学语音学）studiesthephysicalpropertiesofsounds.

（2）articulatoryphonetics:

1）speechorgans:

1.threeimportantareas:

thepharyngealcavity（thepharynx/throat）

theoralcavity（themouth）

thenasalcavity（thenose）

2.thethroat:

glottis（声门）

vocalcords（声带）

larynx---Adam’sapple

3.themouth:

lips

tongue

teeth

teethridge（alveolous）

hardpalate（硬腭）

softpalate（velum软腭）

uvula

IPA:

theInternationalPhoneticAlphabet

2）narrowtranscriptionandbroadtranscription:

Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyandtheotheristhetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics（变音符号）.Theformeriscalledbroadtranscription（宽式标音）,whichisnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooks.Thelatteriscallednarrowtranscription（严式标音）.

e.g.narrowbroad

pit/pHit//pit/

speak/sp=i:

k//spi:

k/

feel/fi:

É//fi:

l/

3）somemajorarticulatoryvariables:

voicing:

voiced/voiceless

e.g.[l,r,m,i:

]/[f,p,k]

nasality:

nasal/nonnasal

e.g.[m,n,ŋ]/[s,z,v,f]

aspiration:

aspirated/unaspirated

e.g.[p,t,k]/[b,d,g]

pit（stronglyaspirated）

tip（weaklyaspirated）

sports,steel（unaspirated）

（3）classificationofEnglishspeechsounds:

consonants（辅音）andvowels（元音）

1）classificationofEnglishconsonants:

1.intermsofmannerofarticulation:

stops爆破音:

[p,b,t,d,k,g]

fricatives擦音:

[f,v,s,z,T,D,ʃ,ʒ,h]

affricates塞擦音:

[tʃ,dʒ]

nasals鼻音:

[m,n,ŋ]

liquids边音:

[l][r]

glides滑音:

（semivowels[w,j]）

2.intermsofplaceofarticulation:

bilabial双唇音:

[p,b,m,w]

labiodental唇齿音:

[f,v]

dental齿音:

[T,D]

alveolar齿龈音:

[t,d,s,z,n,l,r]

palatal腭音:

[ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ,j]

velar软腭音:

[k,g,ŋ]

glottal喉音:

[h]

2）classificationofEnglishvowels:

●monophthongs单元音:

1.thepartofthetonguethatisheldhighest:

front:

[i:

i,e,æ,ɑ]

central:

[ə:

ə,ʌ]

back:

[u:

u,Ɔ:

Ɔ,ɑ:

]

2.widthofthemouth:

open:

[æ,ʌ,Ɔ,ɑ,ɑ:

]

close:

[i:

i,u:

u]

semi-open/semi-close:

[Ɔ:

e,ə,ə:

]

3.shapeofthelips:

rounded:

[u:

u,Ɔ:

Ɔ]

unrounded:

[i:

i,e,æ,ə:

ə,ʌ,ɑ:

]

●diphthongs双元音:

[ei,ai,Ɔi,əu,au,iə,ɛə,uə]

Thelongvowelsarealltensevowelsandtheshortvowelsarelaxvowels.

（4）phonology音系学/音位学

Itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.

1）phone,phoneme,allophone

1.phone音素

●Aphoneisaphoneticunit.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.

leaf[li:

f]---[l,i:

f]

feel[fi:

l]---[f,i:

]

●Butaphonedoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning.

[bi:

]---[pHi:

][tHi:

]---[mi:

]

[pHit]---[tip|][li:

f]---[fi:

É]

2.phoneme音位

●Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.

●Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.

[pH]in[pit][l]in[li:

f]

/p/[p=]in[spit]/l/[É]in[fi:

l]

[p|]in[tip]

3.allophone音位变体

●Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.

●Distinctivefeatures区别性的特征

Thefeaturesthataphonemepossesses,makingitdifferentfromotherphonemes,areitsdistinctivefeatures.

[men],[pen],[ben],[ten],[ren],[ken]

Binaryfeatures:

[+consonantal][-consonantal]

[+nasal]