高科技的时候了 为了国产高技术能力的中国的计划外文翻译.docx
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高科技的时候了 为了国产高技术能力的中国的计划外文翻译.docx
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高科技的时候了为了国产高技术能力的中国的计划外文翻译
外文翻译
原文
Hightimeforhightech?
China'sprogramforanindigenoushightechnologycapability
MaterialSource:
JournalofNortheastAsianStudies[J].1993.7
Author:
Segal,AdamM
Chinesepolicymakershaveincreasinglyturnedtheirattentiontodevelopinghightechnology.Thestatehas,throughanumberofcentraldirectives,attemptedtopromotetheproductionandcommercializationofhightechproducts.Yet,thelevelofChinesehightechnologyproductsremainsfairlylow.Thisarticlearguesthatthestate,especiallyintryingtorecreateSiliconValleyinChina,haslearnedthewronglessonsfromtheWest'sexperience.Inordertopromotethedevelopmentofhightech,thestateneedstobuildupamoreadequatescienceandtechnologyinfrastructureandtodefineandprotectpropertyrights.
Duringthe1980sandearly1990s,developinghightechnologybecameatopicofinteresttopolicymakersandscientistsinbothindustrializedandThirdWorldcountries.Hightechnologies,thosetechnologiesthatinvolvelargedevelopmentcosts,longleadtimes,considerabletechnologicaluncertainty,anddependenceonknowledgethatisclosetothefrontierofscientificresearch,holdoutthehopeofrapideconomicdevelopment,increasedemployment,andmilitarypreparedness.Thesetechnologiesalsogeneratenewproductionprocessesandnewmodesofeconomicorganizationthatmayhaveawideimpactonthestructuresofnationaleconomies.
Chinesepolicymakershavebeenneitherimmunetothelureofhightechnologynorunawareofeffortstodevelopitinotherpartsoftheworld.Sincethe1978"opendoor"policy,Chinahasadoptedamultifacetedstrategyoftechnologydevelopmentrelyingonexistingcentralplanninginstrumentsandthecreationofarangeofnewinstitutionsandpoliciesfocusedonhightechnology.TheNationalHighTechnologyProgram(knowninChinaasBaliusanorthe863plan),theTorchPlan,andhightechnologydevelopmentzoneshavealltargetedcriticaltechnologiesandpromotedthe"formationanddevelopmentofChina'shightechnologyindustry."
CHINA'STURNTOHIGHTECH
MostofthenewlyindustrializingcountriesinAsiamovedintohightechnologyasthelaststageofexport-ledgrowth.Afterexhaustingthebenefitsoflabor-intensivemanufacturing,TaiwanandKoreamoveduptoheavyandcapital-intensiveindustries.Later,knowledgeandinformation-intensivemanufacturingreplaced"dirtyindustries"likesteelinthesecountries.InterestinnewandhightechnologiesinChina,however,aroseoutoftwootherfactors.AlthoughtheChinesehaveyettoexhaustthetraditionalstrategyoflabor-intensive,export-ledgrowth,theyhaveexhibitedambivalencetowardanover-relianceonthisdevelopmentstrategy.InthewordsofoneChinesecommentator,"thegreatestdifficultythatallexport-orientedenterprisesinourcountryfaceistoproducetherightproducts...lowlaborcostswillnotlastforever."Inthemodernworld,"competitionbetweenproductsintheinternationalmarketisinfacttechnicalcompetition."
HIGHTECHANDTHECENTRALPLAN
AlthoughtheChineseattainednotablesuccessesinthefieldsofcomputer,semi-conductor,automation,nuclear,andjetpropulsiontechnologiesthroughthecentralplaninthemid1950sandearly1960s,thestructureofthescienceandtechnology(S&T)establishmentitselflimitedthescopeandrangeoftheseachievements.BasedontheSovietsystemofscienceinnovation,ChineseS&Twashighlyhierarchicalandstratified.Researchanddevelopmenttookplaceindiffuselocationswithnocoordinationbetweenthem.Industrialministriespossessedtheirownautonomousresearchlaboratories,andeventheseinstitutionscommunicatedinfrequentlywitheachotherbecauseofahighdegreeofvirtualization.Moreover,state-ownedenterprisesoperatedunderanadministrativestructurethatputexcessiveemphasisonindicatorsofquantitativeoutput,nottechnology.Althoughmeanttoactasasupervisingagency,theChineseAcademyofSciences(CAS)didlittletocoordinateordirecttheresearchundertakenbyitsmemberacademiesortoapplythisresearchtoindustrialproduction.
ThefinancialdifficultiesfacedbyboththeS&Testablishmentandtheeconomyasawholeheightenedtheseorganizationalproblems.Moststateenterprisesoperatedwitholdandobsoletemachinery;muchoftheequipmentinfactorieshadbeeninstalledduringthe1950sandhadnotbeenreplacedsince.Thereductionofthescopeofcentralplanningintheearly1980sandthegrowingrelianceonthemarketintheChineseeconomymeantthatthestatehadlessdirectcontroloverfinancialresourcesandthuslessabilitytoreallocatefundstorefurbishindustrialcapability.Thesereformsalsomeantthatstaterevenueandthusthestate'sabilitytoinvestinresearchanddevelopmentfurtherdeclinedasthelocalitiesgainedmorecontrolovertheirprofitsandforeignexchange.
THE863PLAN
Bythemid-1980s,adeepenedappreciationforhightechnologyhadbeguntoconvincesomethatChinacouldnolongeraffordtoneglecthightechnologyR&D.InMarch1986fourprominentChinesescientistswrotetoDengXiaopingurgingforthedevelopmentofanindigenoushightechnologycapability.In1987,theNationalHighTechnologyDevelopmentProgramwasinitiated.ThePlan,alsoknownas863orBaliusaninChinese(fortheyear,1986,andmonth,March),aimed"topooltogetherthebesttechnologicalresourcesinChinaoverfifteenyearstokeepupwithinternationalhightechnologydevelopment,bridgethegapbetweenChinaandothercountriesinseveralhightechnologies,and,whereverpossible,striveforbreakthroughs."Besidestargetingindustriesintheareasofbiotechnology,newmaterials,lasers,energy,information,robotics,andspace,thePlanalsointroducedtheconceptsofpeerreviewandamixedmethodofprojectselection."Expertcommittees"havehadoversightoverthesevendisciplinesandhavebeeninstrumentalintheselectionofprojects.Belowthesevengroups,fifteenexperttaskgroupsdesignateprojectsthatdeservesupportandreviewtheprogressofprojectsonanannualbasis.Someprojectshavebeen"bottomup,"originatingfromtheirpotentialinvestigatorswhileothershavebeenofthemoretraditional"topdown,"targetedapproach.
THETORCHPLAN
TheTorchPlan,begunin1988,attemptedtoaddresstheproblemsofcommercializationandproduction.ThePlanembracedkeystateresearchinstitutions,advancedschools,largeandmediumsizeenterprises,collectivelyrunresearchorganizations,andvarioustypesofS&Tenterprises.Unlikeotherprogramsoriginatingfromthecenter,theplanwasnotsolelyprescriptivewiththecentralgovernmentsimplyarrangingthedeliveryofcommoditiesandallocatingfundstoresearchprojects.Instead,thePlanisbestunderstoodasanattempttocreatean"incubator"forhightechnology.Itexpectedtodothisbyestablishingnewtechnologyenterprises,developinghightechnologyzones,andtrainingmanagementpersonnel.
By1992,theTorchhadpromoted3,848projectsonthenationalandlocallevelinfiveareas:
newmaterials,microelectronicsandinformation,energy,biotechnology,andelectromagneticdevices("megatronics").Mostprojectsfallintheelectronics(31.3percent)andnewmaterialsfields(29.0percent).Megatronics,biotechnology,andenergymakeup15.4percent,12.9percent,and6.3percentrespectively,withtheremaining5.1percentdesignatedas"other."Projectsareconcentratedinthreeareas:
NorthChina,EastChina,andtheSouthCentralregion.
HIGHANDNEWTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTZONES
AfinalaspectoftheTorchPlan,andtheonethatmayhavethelongestlastinginfluence,isthepromotionofnewandhightechnologyindustrialzonesandhightechnologyenterprises.Throughapolicyoflocatinguniversitiesandhightechnologyfirmsinthesamearea,combiningresearchandeducationwithproduction,andprovidingthenecessaryinfrastructureandpreferentialtaxandfinancepolicies,thestateexpectedtocreateenvironmentsconducivetothedevelopmentofhightechindustries.Theseareasweretobe,inthewordsofSongJian,ministeroftheSSTC,"incubatorsofhighandnewtechnology."Policieswereexpectedtocreate“smallandmedium‘climates’”;inthese”small”climates,specificprojectsweretoevolvefromtechnologytoproductandthencapturemarkets,whilethe"medium"climatepromotedaninnovativeenvironmentinalargerregion.
TheexperienceofSiliconValley,"Route128,"andotherscienceparkshadastrongimpactonthedecisiontorecognizeandencouragethehightechnologydevelopmentzones(HTDZs).Intheearly1980safellowattheInstituteofPhysicsofCAStouredSiliconValley,andotherChinesemadesimilartripsduringthedecade.Explainingthesuccessoftheindustrializedworldindevelopinghightechnologyexports,oneChinesecommentatorfocusedontheabundanttechnologicalandpersonnelresources,thegovernment'suseofpreferentialpolicies,sufficientventurecapital,andtheselectionofagoodgeographicenvironment.Echoingthisview,SimonarguesthattheChineselearnedthreelessonsfromthescienceparks.First,itbecameapparentthatsuccessfulhightechindustriesdonothavethesamerequirementsasthoseintraditionalmanufacturing.Newformsoforganizationandbehaviorcharacterizethesefirms.Second,hightechnologyprogressesincloseproximitytouniversities,governmentR&Dinstitutes,andmoretraditionalindustries.Finally,hightechnologyandhightechfirmsrequireawelldevelopedinfrastructure.
HIGHTECHENTERPRISES
Thezonesreflecttheoutcomesofpoliciesintheearly1980swhichencouragedthegrowthofcollectiveenterprises,promotedtechnologicalentrepreneurship,andmad
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