完整word版吴伟仁的英国文学史及选读.docx
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完整word版吴伟仁的英国文学史及选读.docx
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完整word版吴伟仁的英国文学史及选读
HistoryandAnthologyofEnglishLiterature
PartOneTheAnglo-SaxonPeriod
Beowulf
Questions:
1.Theearliestliteraturefallsintotwodivisions,
and.
2.ChristianitybringsEnglandnotonlyandbutalsothe
wealthofanewlanguage.
3.WhoisBeowulf?
AndWhatisBeowulf?
4.HowdidBeowulfcomeintobeing?
5.WhoisGrendel?
AndwhatistheresultofGrende'lsfightwithBeowulf?
6.HowdidtheJutesholdthefuneralforhim?
Keypointsofthispart:
ThemostimportantworkofoldEnglishliteratureisBeowulfthenationalepic
oftheEnglishpeople.ItisofGermanicheritage,perhapsthegreatestGermanicepicandcontainsevidentlypre-Christianelementsexistingatfirstinanoraltradition,thepoemwaspassedfrommouthtomouthforgenerationsbeforeitwaswrittendown.ThemanuscriptpreservedtodaywaswrittenintheWessextongueabout1000A.D.,consistingaltogetherof3183lines.
TherearethreeepisodesrelatedtothecareerofBeowulf:
1.thefightwiththemonster,Grendel.
2.ThefightwithGrendel'smother,astillmorefrightfulshe-monster.
3.ThemoralcombatwiththefireDragon.
Thesignificanceliesinthevividportrayalofagreatnationalhero,whoisbrave,courageous,selfless,andeverhelpfultohispeople.
Therearethreeimportantfeatures:
:
1.Alliteration(wordsbeginningwiththesameconsonantsound).ThisischaracteristicofalloldEnglishverse.
2.Metaphorsandunderstatements.Therearemanycompoundwordsusedinthepoemtoserveasindirectmetaphorsthataresometimesverypicturesque.,e.g.“riging-giver”isusedforKing;“hearth-companions“forhisattendantwarriors;“Whale'sroad”forthesea;“spe-afrighter”forsoldieretc.Andasunderstatementwecansee:
“nottroublesome”forwelcome;“neednotpraise”forarighttocondemn.ThisqualityisoftenregardedascharacteristicoftheEnglishpeopleandtheirlanguage.
3.MixtureofpaganandChristianelements:
theobservingofomen,cremation,blood-revenge,andthepraiseofworldlyglory.
Allthesewovenintothepoem.
PartTwoTheAnglo-NormanPeriod(1066---1350)
Questions:
1.WhenandledbywhomdidEnglandbegintoreceiveFrenchcivilizationandlanguage?
2.Whatarethechieffeaturesoftheliteratureinthisperiod?
3.Whatarethethreetypesofthestoriesinthisperiod?
4.Whoisthegreenknight?
WhydidhecutGawainthreetimesandwhydidGawainfeelshame?
5.DidGawainwinthegameofexchangingblows?
6.WhydidthegreenknightofferthegreengirdleasafreegifttoGawainfinally?
MedievalLiteratureAnglo-NormanPeriod
Thereareafewoccurrencesofhistoriceventsthatshouldbekeptinmind:
1)TheEstablishmentoftheFeudalSystem
2)The1381peasantUprisingWattTylerofKent:
100000peoplemarchedon
London,destroyedmanor-houses,burntcourtpaper---recordsoftheirbondageanddemandedtheabolitionofserfslaveryandageneralpardon.
3)TheLaunchingoftheCrusades:
aseriesofwarsbetweenChristiansandMuslimsthatlastedfor170years.
4)TheSigningoftheMagnaCarterin1215bywhichKingJohnwasforcedtorecognizetherightsofthepowerfulbarons.
5)TheWarwithFranceortheHundredYears'W(a1r337-1453)
SirGawainandtheGreenKnight
OneimportantstoryintheArthurianlegendhasbeenrefinedindetailinafamousmedievalpoem.LittleisknowaboutitsauthorexcepthewasacontemporaryofChaucerandprobablyaChristianpriest.Thepoemwascomposedtowardstheendofthe14thcentury(about1375)asanevidentefforttoextolSirGawainandhisknightlyvirtuesofloyalty,valor,rectitude,andintegrity.SirGawainisanuprightknight,everreadytoupholdtheidealsofKingArthur'scourt.OneChristmas,asthestorygoes,aknightallingreenappearsatcourtandchallengesthekingtocutoffhisheadontheconditionthathecomestomeethiminoneyear'stime.SirGawainstandsoutforhislordandbeheadstheweirdvisitor.TheGreenKnighttakesuphisheadandleaves.Whentheappointedtimecomes,SirGawainsetsofftomeethim.Hecomestoacastleandiswellreceivedbyitslordandlady.ThelordinvitesSirGawaintogohuntingwithhim,buttheknightpreferstostayathome.Thetwoagreetoshareintheeveningwhatevertheymayhavewonduringtheday.Thisgoesonforthreedays.Onthefirstdaythelordofthecastlehuntsforadeer,whileSirGawainisunderthelady'ssiegetokissher.ThelordishappytogivehalfofhistrophyintheeveningtoSirGawaininreturnforhisbriefkissonhischeek.Theseconddayendswiththelordgivinghalfaboarforanotherbriefkiss.Whenthethirdeveningcomes,thelordgetsthreekissesforhalfofhisfox'sskin,SirGawainhavingwithheldthegirdlethattheladyhasforcedonhimforhissafety.ThenthedaycomestomeettheGreenKnight,whoturnsouttobethelordofthecastle.SirGawainshrinksalittlebutsoonrecovershisvalortofacetheblow.ButtheGreenKnightonlycutsascratchonhisneck,sayingthathewouldnotevenhavedonethattohimhadhesharedthegirdlewithhiminhonesty.Theybecomegoodfriends.SirGawaingoesbacktotheking'scourt.
SirGawainandtheGreenKnightisa4-partworkof2,530linesin101sections.Partone(11.1-490)dealswiththebeheading;parttwo(11.491-1125)tellsofthelongandarduoustripGawainmakestothecastle;partthree(11.1126-1996)relatesthethreedayshespendsinabargainwiththelord;andpartfour(11.1997-2530)wrapsuphistripwithhisfinalencounterwiththeGreenKnightandtheanti-climaticrevelationofthemoralofthestory.Instructuraltermsthenarrativeiswellconceivedandneatlyknitintoanorganicunity.Thedifferentpartsandsectionsinterlockandthethreadsarepulledtogethertoofferasenseoffinality.Thereisalsoafinepsychologicalelementthatenrichestheplotandaddstothecharacterization.SirGawainisnotpresentedasarigidheroictypebutasahumanbeingwithhisworriesandfears.Thedescriptionofthechangeofseasonsappearsinalongportionofthesecondpartofthepoem,servesinfactasameansofexternalizingthecomplexinnerworldofthemangoingtohisdeath.Inaddition,SirGawain'shidingofthegirdle,whichtheladysayscanprotecthimformharm,isanicetourdeforcetothrowtheman'sfearintorelief.Thereisthenthethreedays'bargaining,whichrevealsthenatureofthetemptationsthatputSirGawain'sintegrityintoastrenuoustest—thelady'sprogressiveadvancestohim.Totheintensityofthelady'soffensive,thehuntingservesasanaptfoil—deer(timidity).Theboar(thewildandaggressive),andthefox(thecunning).
ThecharacterizationofSirGawainisveryinterestingtonote.Hisportraitisvividandfullyrounded.Thereisinhimastrangermedleyofconflictingqualitiesthatmakeshimperfectlyhuman.Alongsidethebestofallhumanvirtues,thereisalsoanindicationoftraitsnotaltogetheradmirable.HehesitatesinfaceofpossibledangerasRolandinChansondeRolanddoesnot.HemeditatesasRolanddoesnot.Heisjustalittleshortofanidealhero.Theeffectofallowingreaderstoseealltheaspectsofhispersonalityisachievedbyasubtlyimbeddedirony,agood-naturedsatiricaledge,againstchivalry.
SirGawainandtheGreenKnightsharesquiteafewbasicfeatureswithOldEnglishpoemslikeBeowulf.Inlinestructureandtheuseofdevicessuchasalliteration,itisnotablysimilar.AsitwaswritteninthenorthMidlanddialect,itislessapproachablethanChauce'srLondondialect.Usually,amoderntranslationisdispensable.
PartIII
GeoffreyChaucer(1340----1400)
Warming-upactivityforpre-reading
I.Fillintheblanks:
1.GeoffreyChaucer,the“”andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoets
ofEngland,wasborninLondoninabout1340.
2.Chaucer'smasterpieceis,oneofthemostfamousworksinall
literature.
3.TheprovidesaframeworkforthetalesirTheCanterburyTales,
anditcomprisesgroupofvividpicturesofvariousmedievalfigures.
4.ChaucercreatedinTheCanterburyTalesastrikinglybrilliantand
picturesquepanoramaof.
5.TheCanterburyTalesopenswithageneralPrologue”wherewearetold
ofacompanyofpilgrimsthatgatheredatInninSouthwark,asuburb
ofLondon.
6.Despitetheenormousplan,TheCanterburyTalesinfactcontainsageneral
Prologue"andonlytales,ofwhichtwoareleftunfinished.
II.Choosethebestanswer:
1.Whoisthe“fatherofEnglishpoetry”andoneofthegreatestnarrativepoetsofEngland?
a)ChristopherMarlowb)GeoffreyChaucerc)W.
Shakespeare
2.Whenhedied,ChaucerwasburiedinthePo'Corner
a)WestminsterAbbeyb)Normandyc)Canterbury
III.Questionforconsideration:
1.WhatisthesocialsignificanceoTheCanterburyTales?
TheEnglishwhichwasusedfromabout1100---1500iscalledMiddleEnglish,andthegreatestpoetofthetimewasGeoffreyChaucer.
GeoffreyChauceristhegreatestwriterofthemiddleages.Althoughhewasbornacommoner,amerchantfamily,hedidnotliveasacommoner;andalthoughhewasacceptedbythearistocracy,hemustalwayshavebeenconsciousofthefactthathedidnotreallybelongtothatsocietyofwhichbirthalonecouldmakeoneatruemember.Chaucercharacteristicallyregardedlifeintermsofaristocraticideals,butheneverlosttheabilityofregardinglifeasapurelypracticalmatter.TheartofbeingatonceinvolvedinanddetachedfromagivensituationispeculiarlyChaucer'.
TheinfluenceofRenaissancewasalreadyfeltinthefieldofEnglishliteraturewhenChaucerwaslearningfromthegreatItalian
th
writerslikePetrarchandBoccacciointhelastpartofthe14century.Chauceraffirmedman'righttopursueearthlyhappinessandopposeda
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