幽默的语用分析.docx
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幽默的语用分析.docx
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幽默的语用分析
ThePragmaticAnalysisofHumor-鼎力论文网
Abstract:
Asalanguagephenomenon,humorispervasiveinourdailylife.Itnotonlyimproveshumanrelations,butalsoisthesymbolofpersonalwit,charmandeducation.Therefore,moreandmorescholarsinvariousfieldsarepayingalotofattentiontoit.Thispaperaimsatanalyzinghumorfromapragmaticperspective,hopingtofindsomerelationsbetweenpragmaticguidelinesandhumoraswellastohelpmorepeopleunderstandandappreciatehumor.Forthispurpose,3majorpragmatictheories,namely,Grice’sCooperativePrinciple,SperberandWilson’sRelevanceTheoryandAustinandSearle’sSpeechActTheoryareemployed.Thispaperisdividedinto3parts:
Part1isanintroductionofthebasicconceptsonhumorresearchaswellasabriefintroductionofthreetraditionaltheoriesandworksonhumorfromthepsychological,linguisticandsociologicalperspectives;part2isthemainbodyofthepaper,reviews3pragmatictheoriesrelatedtohumor,andwithsampleanalysisillustratestheapplicationofthesepragmatictheoriestohumor;Part3istheconcludingpart,restatesthegeneralideaofthispaper,andhelpsusgainabetterunderstandingofthepreviousdiscussion.(form:
)
KeyWords:
humor;cooperativeprinciple;relevancetheory;speechacttheory
幽默的语用分析
摘要:
作为一种语言现象,幽默普遍存在于我们的日常生活中。
它不仅增进了人们的关系,改善了交谈的气氛,也是个人智慧、魅力和所受教育的一种体现。
因此,越来越多来自各领域的学者都给予幽默很多关注。
本文试从语用学角度出发,运用语用学理论(Grice的合作原则,Sperber&Wilson的关联理论和Austin&Searle的言语行为理论)来分析幽默的特点,旨在探究幽默和一些语用规则的关系,以期对幽默有更好的理解和欣赏。
本文分为三个部分:
第一部分简要介绍了幽默的概念,研究幽默的三大传统理论以及在心理学、语言学、社会学等方面对幽默已有的研究;第二部分是本文的主体部分,简要回顾了三个与幽默相关的语言学理论并且通过一些幽默笑话案例来分析这些理论在幽默中的应用;第三部分总结全文,重述了本文的基本思想,以助于对之前所做讨论有更好的理解。
(鼎力论文网)
关键词:
幽默;合作原则;关联理论;言语行为理论
CONTENTS
1.Introduction1
1.1DefinitionsofHumor1
1.2PreviousResearchesonHumor2
2.APragmaticAnalysisofHumor4
2.1TheCooperativePrinciple(CP)4
2.1.1ABriefReviewofCP4
2.1.2BreachofFourMaximsinHumor6
2.1.2.1ViolationofMaximofQuantity6
2.1.2.2ViolationofMaximofQuality7
2.1.2.3ViolationofMaximofRelevance8
2.1.2.4ViolationofMaximofManner9
2.2RelevanceTheory10
2.2.1ABriefReviewoftheRelevanceTheory10
2.2.2HumorandRelevanceTheory12
2.2.3SampleAnalysisofHumoronRelevanceTheory12
2.3SpeechActTheory14
2.3.1ABriefReviewoftheSpeechActTheory14
2.3.2SampleAnalysisofHumoronSpeechActTheory15
3.Conclusion16
Bibliography19
1.Introduction
Humorisalmosteverywhere.Itisfrequentlyfoundinliteraryworks,movies,televisions,radios,photographs,advertisementsandsocialactivities,etc.Thereisnowherethathasnotbeenfilledwithhumor.Throughoutthecenturies,humorhasbeenatopicthatattractstheattentionandinterestoftheresearchersinvariousfields.Nowadays,thestudyofhumorhasalreadybecomeaspecialandindependentdiscipline.Manylinguists,includingpsycholinguists,sociolinguists,havebeensearchingforthecauseofhumor.
1.1DefinitionsofHumor
Whenwetrytodefineexactlywhathumoris,wefinditquitedifficult.Manylinguists,rhetoricians,lexicographers,philosophers,andscholarshavegivenvariousdefinitionsofhumorbutnoonemeetswitheverybody’ssatisfaction.
AccordingtoLongmanModernEnglishDictionary(1976),humorissomethingwhicharisesamusement,laughter,etc.,orthecapacityforrecognizing,reactingtoorexpressingsomethingwhichisamusing,funny,etc.InLongmanCurrentEnglishDictionary(1978),humoristheabilitytobeamusedorthequalityofcausingamusement.InOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary(1988),humoristhecapacitytocauseorfeelamusement.InTheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(1980),humoristhequalityofbeinglaughableorcomicalandtheabilitytoperceiveorexpresswhatiscomical,witty,etc.What’smore,inallitsmany-splendoredvarieties,humorcanbesimplydefinedasatypeofstimulationthattendstoelicitthelaughter.
Theabovedefinitionshaveone-sidedviewofhumor.Eachdefinitiononlypointsouttheessenceofhumorpartlyfromonecertainperspective.Andnohumortheoristcanclaimhisexplanationisexactlyperfect.Butitis“universallyacknowledgedthatthenatureofhumoriscomplexandmultifacetedanditissimplynotpossibleatthistimetodevelopasinglebroadtheorythatsatisfactorilyaccountsforseveralkeyqualitiesofhumorsimultaneously”(McGhee1979).
1.2PreviousResearchesonHumor
Inthetraditionalview,threetheoriesofhumorhavebeenwidelyaccepted:
superioritytheory,incongruitytheoryandrelieftheory.
Thesuperioritytheoryisatheorywithrelativelylonghistoryandfrequentcitationamongthemanytheoriesofhumor.Laughersalwayslookdownuponwhatevertheylaughatandaccordinglyhaveasenseofsuperiorityintheirpsychologybycertainstandard.Thistheoryfocusesonemotionorsuperiorpsychology,butwefeelmorethansuperiorwhensomethingislikelytoelicitourlaughter.
Incongruitytheory,alsoknownasincongruity-resolutiontheory,involvessomekindofdifferenceorclashbetweenwhatweexpectandwhatwereceiveactually.Theusualstatementoftheincongruitytheory(IR)modelpostulatesthathumoriscreatedbyamultistageprocessinwhichaninitialincongruityiscreated,andthensomefurtherinformationcausesthatincongruitytoberesolved(Ritchie1999).Thatistosayhumordependsonthepleasureoffindingunexpectedconnectionsbetweenthetwominglingideaswhicharefelttobeutterlydisparate.
Relieftheoryhasbeengivenconsiderableattentionbythepsychoanalysts,whomaintainthathumorusuallyservesasareleaseoftensionwhichresultsfromoursexualoraggressiveurges.Sometimeswewillburstintolaughterwhenweareundergoingastrainthatissuddenlyremoved.So,thecentralelementinhumor,inthepsychoanalysts’view,maybeneitherafeelingofsuperioritynortheawarenessofincongruity,butthefeelingofreliefthatcomesfromtheremovalofrestraint.TherelieftheoryhasbeenreinforcedandbroughtintoprominencebythepsychologistSigmundFreud.Freud(1976)himselfregardshumorasameansofoutwittingtheinternalinhibitionswhichpreventusfromgivingreintomanyofournaturalimpulses.Theinternalinhibitionsarenotonlyoursexualimpulses,butalsoourmaliciousones.Therestraintsmaystartfromourchildhoodwhenwearetaughtthatitis“impolite”eithertoexposeourbodiesortospeakinsultinglyorrudelytoothers.Thushumor,bywhich,insultsormaliciousintentionmaybedisguisedascomplimentsandsexualreferencescanhidebehindourinnocentwords,becomesatooltoreleasethesuppressedemotionandameansofobtainingpleasure.
Besidesthetraditionalview,worksonhumoraremainlyfromthepsychological,linguisticandsociologicalperspectives.
Psychologicalanalysisofverbalhumorisbasedonthenotionofincongruityandresolution.Theresearchesonhumorfromthisperspectivebelievethatincongruityisanecessaryprerequisite,andthatthecoreofhumorconsistsofanincongruousrelationshipofwhichwehavetomakesense.Psycholinguisticresearchesonhumorhavepaidspecialattentiontooursensitivitytovariouslinguisticambiguityandourinterpretationorappreciationofhumors;inotherwords,theytrytodetectwhetherwehavetheabilitytofindouttheclashorincongruityandtheresolutiontomakeacoherenceofthehumor.AtypicalrepresentativeinthisresearchingfieldisSuls(1972),whoinhispaper“Atwo-stagemodelfortheappreciationofjokesandcartoons”advancesatwo-stagemodeltheoryonhumorappreciation.Inthispaper,Sulsputsforward“acognitiverule”inhumorappreciation.Although“acognitiverule”isnotclearlydefinedinthatpaper,itsuggeststhathetriedtostudytheunderstandingofhumorfromthepsychologicalperspective.Freud(1976)ismoreconcernedwiththeconstructionofhumorfromthepsychoanalyticperspectiveratherthantheunderstandingofhumorlikeSuls.InhisworkJokesandTheirRelationtotheUnconscious,Freudfindsmanysimilaritiesbetweenthetechniquesusedinhumorandthewaysinwhichourwakingthoughtsaredistortedindreams,sothatheisabletolinkhistheoryofhumortohistheoryofdreaminterpretation.Inadditiontoresearchesonhumor’sinterpretationandconstruction,thehealingeffectofhumoralsograduallybecomeshottopicinpsychologicalfield.Forexample,McGhee(1999),ontheonehand,focusesonchildren’shumorresearch,recognizingtherelationbetweenhumorandchildren’smentalhealth;ontheotherhand,heconcentratesontheremedyeffectofhumoronpeople’shealth.InhisworkHealth,Healing,andtheAmuseSystem:
HumorasSurvivalTraining,hecontendsthathumorcanhelppeopletosustainanupbeat,positiveandoptimisticframeofmind,andemphasizestheremedyeffectofhumorfromthepsychologicalpointofview.Humorresearchesinpsychologicalfieldarelimitlessandcannotbeillustratedwholly,soonlyafewofthemarechosenheretogiveaglimpseatthisfield.
Linguisticstudiesonhumorconcentrateonthelinguisticformofthehumorousline,sothatgenres,likewordplayorriddles,andlinguisticdeviceslikepun,ambiguity,homophony,andexaggeration,haveattractedsomelinguists’attention(Pepicello1984;Chiaro1992;Norrick1993).Pepicello(1984)inhisworkTheLanguageofRiddlesclaimsthathumoriscloselyrelatedtoambiguitywhetheritislinguisticsuchasphonologicalambiguityinpunningorcontextualsuchasriddles,andthathumordependsontheunsolvableambiguityuntilthepunchlineresolvesitinsomeunexpectedway.
Astothesociologicalstudiesofhumor,Chiaro(1992)inherbookTheLanguageofJokes:
AnalyzingVerbal
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