高考英语命题突破主旨大意题.docx
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高考英语命题突破主旨大意题.docx
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高考英语命题突破主旨大意题
2019高考英语命题突破主旨大意题
[2018·全国卷Ⅲ]
Citiesusuallyhaveagoodreasonforbeingwheretheyare,likeanearbyportorriver.Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.Over300yearsitspopulationgrewgraduallyfrom800peopleto8million.Butnotallcitiesdevelopslowlyoveralongperiodoftime.Boomtownsgrowfromnothingalmostovernight.In1896,Dawson,Canada,wasunmappedwilderness(荒野).Butgoldwasdiscoveredtherein1897,andtwoyearslater,itwasoneofthelargestcitiesintheWest,withapopulationof30,000.
DawsondidnothaveanyofthenaturalconveniencesofcitieslikeLondonorParis.Peoplewentthereforgold.Theytravelledoversnow-coveredmountainsandsailedhundredsofmilesupicyrivers.ThepathtoDawsonwascoveredwiththirtyfeetofwetsnowthatcouldfallwithoutwarning.Anavalanche(雪崩)onceclosedthepath,killing63people.FormanywhomadeittoDawson,however,therewardswereworththedifficulttrip.Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.About100ofthesestayedrichmenfortherestoftheirlives.
Butnomatterhowrichtheywere,Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive.Butsoon,thegoldthatDawsondependedonhadallbeenfound.Thecitywascrowdedwithdisappointedpeoplewithnointerestinsettlingdown,andwhentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.Today,peoplestillcomeandgo—toseewheretheCanadiangoldrushhappened.TourismisnowthechiefindustryofDawsonCity—itspresentpopulationis762.
1.WhatattractedtheearlysettlerstoNewYorkCity?
A.Itsbusinessculture.
B.Itssmallpopulation.
C.Itsgeographicalposition.
D.Itsfavourableclimate.
2.WhatdoweknowaboutthosewhofirstdugforgoldinDawson?
A.Two-thirdsofthemstayedthere.
B.Oneoutoffivepeoplegotrich.
C.Almosteveryonegaveup.
D.Halfofthemdied.
3.WhatwasthemainreasonformanypeopletoleaveDawson?
A.Theyfoundthecitytoocrowded.
B.Theywantedtotrytheirluckelsewhere.
C.Theywereunabletostandthewinter.
D.Theywereshortoffood.
4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?
A.Theriseandfallofacity.
B.ThegoldrushinCanada.
C.Journeysintothewilderness.
D.TourisminDawson.
A
WhenCarsonPalmer,aprofessionalAmericanfootballplayer,hurthisarmafewyearsago,hetookaweekofffromthrowingthefootball.Butinhishead,Palmerpractisedeveryday.Thefollowingweekend,Palmerhadthebestgameofhislife.
Formorethanacentury,scientistshavebeentryingtounderstandhowthismentaltrainingworks.Inthe1930s,researchersprovedbyexperimentthatwhenyoureimagininganaction,yourbrainsendssignalstoyourmuscles(肌肉)whicharetooweaktotightenthemusclesbutmighthelptrainthebodytoperform.Inotherwords,mentalpracticemightcreateapatterninyourhead,likeaninnerhow-toguideforaparticularskill.
Sportspsychologistshaveconductedhundredsofstudiescomparingimaginedandphysicalpracticeforactions.Onthewhole,theresearchshowsthatmentaltrainingworks.A2012study,forexample,compared32amateurgolferswhopractisedhittingtheballstoanother32whomerelyheldagolfclubintheirhandsandvisualized(想象)theirswings.Underthesametrainingrules,bothgroupsimprovedtheirskillsbygettingtheballabout4inchesclosertothehole.
Visualizationhasadvantagesovertherealthing:
youcandoitanywhere,evenwheninjured.Itissafe—amajorplusforhigh-riskperformerssuchasgymnastsandsurgeons.Andyoucanpractiseforlongerperiodsoftimebecauseyourenotrestrictedbyphysicaltiredness.“Thatsnottosayitseasy.WevehadOlympic-levelathletessittinginourlab,visualizingthemovementsfortwohours,”saysTadhgMacintyre,asportspsychologistattheUniversityofLimerickinIreland.“Whenweredone,theyreabsolutelytired.”
Itdoesntworkforeveryone,though.“Ifyoureanovice,theeffectcanbeharmful,”warnsMacintyre.“Ifyouretryingtovisualizeafreethrow,andyoudontevenknowthepropermovement,thenyoureprobablygoingtomentallypractisethewrongskill.”
1.Theauthorintroducesthetopicofthetextby .
A.givinganexample
B.presentinganargument
C.explainingaphenomenon
D.makinganassumption
2.Whathappenswhenoneisvisualizinganaction?
A.Aspecialskillisquicklyacquired.
B.Acertainmodelisformedinthehead.
C.Themusclesgrowincreasinglytense.
D.Thebrainsendsstrongmessagestothebody.
3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“novice”inthelastparagraphmean?
A.Coach.B.Specialist.
C.Beginner.D.Judge.
4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?
A.Athletesarelikelytowingamesthroughimaginedpractice.
B.Practisingaskillproperlyinmindcanproduceintendedeffect.
C.Practicewhethermentalorphysicalhasitsowncharacteristics.
D.Scientistshavefoundasafewayforathletestopractisetheirskills.
B
Imagineacatthatdoesnotneedsomeonetocleanupafteritkeepsanolderpersoncompanyandhelpshim/herremembertotakehis/hermedicine.ThatistheshareddreamofthetoymakerHasbroandscientistsatBrownUniversityinProvidence,RhodeIsland.Theresearchersreceiveda3-million-dollarawardfromtheNationalScienceFoundationforaspecialproject.Theywanttofindwaystoaddartificialintelligence,orAI,toHasbros“JoyforAll”roboticcat.
Thecathasalreadybeenforsalefortwoyears.Thoughpricedover1000dollars,itsoldquitewell.Itwasmeanttoactasa“companion”forolderpeople.Nowtheprojectisaimedatdevelopingadditionalabilitiesforthecat.ResearchersatBrownsHumanityCentredRoboticsInitiativeareworkingtodecidewhichactivitiesolderadultsmayneedthemost.Theyhopetomakethecatperformasmallnumberofactivitiesverywell.Suchactivitiesincludefindinglostobjectsandremindingthepersontotakemedicineorvisittheirdoctor.Theyalsowanttokeepthecostdowntojustafewhundreddollars.
ItisanideathathasappealedtoJeanneElliot.Her93-year-oldmotherMaryDerrliveswithherinSouthKingstown.Derrhasdementia(痴呆).The“JoyforAll”catthatElliotboughtthisyearhasbecomeatruecompanionforDerr.ThecatstayswithDerrandkeepshercalmwhileElliotisatwork.Elliotsaidaroboticcatthathelpshermothertoremembertotakehermedicineandbecarefulwhenshewalkswouldbegreater.
Theresearchersaretryingtolearnhowtheimprovedcatswillcompletehelpfulactivitiesandhowtheywillcommunicate.Theysaythattheydonotwantatalkingcat,however.Insteadtheyaretryingtodesignacatthatcanmoveitsheadinaspecialwaytosuccessfullycommunicateitsmessage.Intheend,theyhopetocreateanexchangebetweenthehumanandthecatinwhichthehumanfeelthecatneedsthem.Bydoingso,theresearchershopetheycanevenhelppreventfeelingsoflonelinessandsadnessamongelderlypeople.
5.Whatsthepurposeoftheproject?
A.Torelievethepainoftheelderly.
B.Topromotethesalesofamedicine.
C.Tohelpmaketheroboticcatsmarter.
D.Toinventaroboticcatfortheelderly.
6.Comparedwiththeoldmodel,thenewroboticcatwillbe .
A.cheaper
B.smaller
C.moretalkative
D.moreexpensive
7.WhatdoesParagraph3intendtotellus?
A.Themorefunctionsofthecat,thebetter.
B.Thecatgivesmuchhelptotheelderly.
C.Thereisnocurefordementiaatpresent.
D.MaryDerrwouldhavediedwithoutthecat.
8.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
A.Thefeelingofbeingneededisvitaltotheelderly.
B.Eachfamilycanaffordsuchacatinthefuture.
C.Atalkingcatisquitepopularamongtheelderly.
D.Feelingsofsadnessamongtheelderlyareunavoidable.
专题四 命题突破——主旨大意题
真题典例
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。
文章介绍了城市的兴衰是有各种各样的原因的。
接下来重点介绍了加拿大道森市的历史发展与现状,借此告诉读者城市的兴衰背后的缘由。
1.C 细节理解题。
根据第一段的“Peoplesettleintheseplacesbecausetheyareeasytogettoandnaturallysuitedtocommunicationsandtrade.NewYorkCity,forexample,isnearalargeharbouratthemouthoftheHudsonRiver.”可知,人们定居在这些地方,是因为这些地方很容易到达,并且适合通信和贸易,接下来以纽约为例,说明了这一点。
由此可知,纽约的地理位置吸引着定居者们。
故选C项。
2.B 细节理解题。
根据第二段的“Ofthefirst20,000peoplewhodugforgold,4,000gotrich.”可推算出,五分之一的淘金者变得富有,也就是说每五个淘金者中就有一个成为富人。
故选B项。
3.B 细节理解题。
根据最后一段的“…Dawsonwasnevercomfortable.Necessitieslikefoodandwoodwereveryexpensive…whentheyheardtherewerenewgolddiscoveriesinAlaska,theyleftDawsonCityasquicklyastheyhadcome.”可知,他们离开的原因是想去别处碰碰运气。
4.A 主旨大意题。
文章的首句是主题句,城市的兴衰是有各种各样的原因的。
之后以美国纽约和加拿大的道森市为例介绍了城市存在的原因。
接下来重点介绍加拿大道森市的历史发展与现状。
故选A项。
模拟演练
A
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。
文章通过职业橄榄球运动员CarsonPalmer手臂骨折后,一直用意念练习打球,结果比赛表现出色这一事例,说明合适的脑力训练会产生技能提升的效果。
1.A 写作手法题。
根据文章首段可知,作者通过举例来引入话题。
故选A项。
2.B 推理判断题。
根据第二段“Inthe1930s,researchersprovedbyexperimentthatwhenyoureimagininganaction,yourbrainsendssignalstoyourmuscles(肌肉)whicharetooweaktotightenthemusclesbutmighthelptrainthebodytoperform.Inotherwords,mentalpracticemightcreateapatterninyourhead,likeaninnerhow-toguideforaparticularskill.”可知,科学家发现当我们想象一个行为时,我们就会在脑海中产生一个模型。
故选B项。
3.C 词义猜测题。
根据最后一段“Itdoesntworkforeveryone,though.‘Ifyoureanovice,theeffectcanbeharmful,’warnsMacintyre.‘Ifyouretryingtovisualizeafreethrow,andyoudontevenknowthepropermovement,thenyoureprobablygoingtomentallypractisethewrongskill.’”可知,Macintyre警告大家:
这种脑力训练并不适合每个人,如果你是初学者,效果可能有害。
故选C项。
4.B 主旨大意题。
根据首段“WhenCarsonPalmer,aprofessionalAmericanfootballplayer,hurthisarm
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