A psycholinguistic analysis of speech errors in PSC共12页文档.docx
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ApsycholinguisticanalysisofspeecherrorsinPSC共12页文档
ApsycholinguisticanalysisofspeecherrorsinPSC
PSC(PutonghuaShuipingCeshi,TheTestForMandarinLevel)isastandardtestoforalmandarininChina,whichconcludetesters’levelonphoneticsound,vocabularyandsyntax.OneofthetesttypesinPSCiscalled“Speech”,inwhichtestersaregivenatopicbysortitionandthenrequiredtomakea3minutes’speechaboutthetopic.Usuallytesterswillhaveseveralminutestoprepareforthespeech.
Previousresearchesshowsthattesteesalwaysmakemanyspeecherrorsin“speech”test,whichexcitedourinteresttoconsiderindetailaboutthepsychologicalreasonsoftheseerrors.IwillusetheclassificationbyClarket.,i.e.pauses,repeats,falsestates,non-repeatfalses,corrections,interjections,stuttersandslipsofthetonguetoclassifytheerrorsbythetestees,andanalysistheerrorsthroughtheformulatingandimplementingoflinguisticplans.ThesignificanceofthisresearchistofindoutthefeatureandpsycholinguisticreasonsofspeecherrorsinChineseandhelpPSCtesteestoperformbetterinthetest.
2Methodology
2.1Participants
Ihavemadeexperimentswithfourteenparticipantsfromtwenty-threetotwenty-sixyears’old,includingonemaleandthirteenfemales.AllofthemareuniversitystudentsandhavebeenraisedinMainlandChina,elevenofthemaremonolingualspeakersofMandarin,threebilingualinCantoneseandMandarin.fifteenoftheparticipantshavebeentakenpartinPSCbefore,theirPutonghualevelsrangefrom2-Bto1-B(including2-B,2-Aand1-B).
2.2Procedure
IimitatetheprocedureoftheSpeechTestpartofPSC,firstofallIshowthespeechtopictotheparticipant,therearetwotopicsforeachparticipant,i.e.“我喜欢的明星或其他知名人士(Myfavouritestarorotherfamouspeople)”and“谈谈科技发展与社会生活(Talkaboutthedevelopmentofscienceanddailylife)”,eachtopicwasgivenseparately,andIwillleaveaspaceoftimebetweenthesetwotopicsincasetheperformanceoffollowedspeechoftheparticipantwillbeaffectedbytheprecedingone.
3ResultsandFindings
Whendecidingwhetheranutteranceisspeecherrorornot,firstofallIwillrefertotheinterviewIdidafterthespeechofparticipants,forexample,intopiconeparticipantXHrepresented“炮制女朋友(thenameofamovie)”into“泡沫女友”,duiringtheinterviewshesaidit'sbecausesheneverheardtheparticularnameofthatmovie,soIdidn'tcategorizethiserroras"speecherror".Iwillalsoconsidertheeffectofdialectwhencountingspeecherrors,thebilingualparticipantswhosefirstlanguageareMandarinandCantoneseinourexperimentsoftenmixtheusageofretroflexconsonants(zh,ch,sh)anddentalconsonants(z,c,s),andIexcludedtheseerrorssuchas[tsu51.mi?
耷35]("famous")→[t?
拶u51.mi?
耷35]. Theamountofspeecherrorsineachtypeis:
perseveration-3(T1:
0,T2:
3),anticipation-3(T1:
2,T2:
1),perseveration/anticipation-4(T1:
4,T2:
0),exchange-1(T1:
0,T2:
1),shift-0,substitution-13(T1:
7,T2:
6),addition-28(T1:
13,T2:
15),deletion-13(T1:
7,T2:
6),blend-3(T1:
1,T2:
2).Seethebarchartoferrortypedistributionbelow:
3.1Typesofspeecherrors
InthisarticleIborrowedCarroll'stypelistofslipsofthetonguetocategorizespeecherrors,accordingtothepracticalsituation,Ialsoaddonetype(i.e.Anticipation/Perseveration)intotheformereighttypes,sothereareninetypesofspeecherrorsinmycategorization.
3.2Findings
A.Inbothofthetwotopics,theamountofSubstitution,AdditionandDeletionismuchmorethanothertypesoferrors,thesethreetypesoferrorsoccupies19.1%,41.2%and19.1%amongalltheninetypesoferrorsindividually.Shiftneverhappenedinourspeecherrordata.
B.InAdditionandDeletionerrors,mostoftheerrorsarelexicalerrors(92.9%,84.6%lexicalerrros),inSubstitutionerrors,theamountofphonologicalerrors(69.2%)ismuchmorethanoflexicalerrors(30.8%),whileinAnticipationerrorsandPerseverationerrors,plusAnticipation/PerseverationerrorsandBlenderrors,alltheerrorsarephonologicalerrors.
C.Oppositetothediscussionthatphonologicalerrorsarethemajortypesoferrordistribution(Nooteboom,1973&Levelt,1989&Wan,2000),inthisresearchIfindthatinbothofthetwotopics,phonologicalerrorsarelessthanlexicalerrors(phonological44.1%:
lexical55.9%inT1,phonological32.4%:
lexical67.6%).
3.3speechspeedcomparison
InthestatisticsoftheresultsfromExperimentIandExperiment2,thereare4subjectswhospokefasterinExperiment2thanthatofExperimentI,andIwillcalculateandanalysistherestofdatacomefromtensubjects.TheaveragespeedofExperimentIspeechis4.07w/s,whileExperiment2is3.56w/s.TheresultindicatesthatthespeedofExperimentIspeechisfaster
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