文勇ibt黄金阅读及答案pdf特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起.docx
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文勇ibt黄金阅读及答案pdf特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起.docx
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文勇ibt黄金阅读及答案pdf特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起
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特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起
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THERISEOFTEOTIHUACAN特奥蒂瓦坎的崛起
ThecityofTeotihuacán,whichlayabout50kilometersnortheastofmodern-dayMexicoCity,beganitsgrowthby200-100B.C.Atitsheight,betweenaboutA.D.150and700,itprobablyhadapopulationofmorethan125,000peopleandcoveredatleast20squarekilometers.Ithadover2,000apartmentcomplexes,agreatmarket,alargenumberofindustrialworkshops,anadministrativecenter,anumberofmassivereligiousedifices,andaregulargridpatternofstreetsandbuildings.Clearly,muchplanningandcentralcontrolwereinvolvedintheexpansionandorderingofthisgreatmetropolis.Moreover,thecityhadeconomicandperhapsreligiouscontactswithmostpartsofMesoamerica(modernCentralAmericaandMexico).
Howdidthistremendousdevelopmenttakeplace,andwhydidithappenintheTeotihuacánValley?
AmongthemainfactorsareTeotihuacán’sgeographiclocationonanaturaltraderoutetothesouthandeastoftheValleyofMexico,theobsidianresourcesintheTeotihuacánValleyitself,andthevalley’spotentialforextensiveirrigation.Theexactroleofotherfactorsismuchmoredifficulttopinpoint―forinstance,Teotihuacán’sreligioussignificanceasashrine,thehistoricalsituationinandaroundtheValleyofMexicotowardtheendofthefirstmillenniumB.C.,theingenuityandforesightednessofTeotihuacán’selite,and,finally,theimpactofnaturaldisasters,suchasthevolcaniceruptionsofthelatefirstmillenniumB.C.
ThislastfactorisatleastcircumstantiallyimplicatedinTeotihuacán’srise.Priorto200B.C.,anumberofrelativelysmallcenterscoexistedinandneartheValleyofMexico.Aroundthistime,thelargestofthesecenters,Cuicuilco,wasseriouslyaffectedbyavolcaniceruption,withmuchofitsagriculturallandcoveredbylava.WithCuicuilcoeliminatedasapotentialrival,anyoneofanumberofrelativelymodesttownsmighthaveemergedasaleadingeconomicandpoliticalpowerinCentralMexico.Thearchaeologicalevidenceclearlyindicates,though,thatTeotiluacanwasthecenterthatdidariseasthepredominantforceintheareabythefirstcenturyA.D.
ItseemslikelythatTeotihuacán’snaturalresources,alongwiththecityelite’sabilitytorecognizetheirpotential,gavethecityacompetitiveedgeoveritsneighbors.Thevalley,likemanyotherplacesinMexicanandGuatemalanhighlands,wasrichinobsidian.Thehardvolcanicstonewasaresourcethathadbeeningreatdemandformanyyears,atleastsincetheriseoftheOlmecs(apeoplewhoflourishedbetween1200and400B.C.),anditapparentlyhadasecuremarket.Moreover,recentresearchonobsidiantoolsfoundatOlmecssiteshasshownthatsomeoftheobsidianobtainedbytheOlmecsoriginatednearTeotihuacán.Teotihuacánobsidianmusthavebeenrecognizedasavaluablecommodityformanycenturiesbeforethegreatcityarose.
Long-distancetradeinobsidianprobablygavetheeliteresidentsofTeotihuacánaccesstoawidevarietyofexoticgood,aswellasarelativelyprosperouslife.SuchsuccessmayhaveattractedimmigrantstoTeotihuacán.Inaddition,Teotihuacán’selitemayhaveconsciouslyattemptedtoattractnewinhabitants.Itisalsoprobablethatasearlyas200B.C.Teotihuacánmayhaveachievedsomereligioussignificanceanditsshrine(orshrines)mayhaveservedasanadditionalpopulationmagnet.Finally,thegrowingpopulationwasprobablyfedbyincreasingthenumberandsizeofirrigatedfields.
ThepictureofTeotihuacánthatemergesisaclassicpictureofpositivefeedbackamongobsidianminingandworking,trade,populationgrowth,irrigation,andreligioustourism.Thethrivingobsidianoperation,forexample,wouldnecessitatemoreminers,additionalmanufacturersofobsidiantools,andadditionaltraderstocarrythegoodstonewmarkets.Allthisledtoincreasedwealth,whichinturnwouldattractmoreimmigrantstoTeotihuacán.Thegrowingpoweroftheelite,whocontrolledtheeconomy,wouldgivethemthemeanstophysicallycoercepeopletomovetoTeotihuacánandserveasadditionstothelaborforce.Moreirrigationworkswouldhavetobebuilttofeedthegrowingpopulation,andthisresultedinmorepowerandwealthfortheelite.
Paragraph1:
ThecityofTeotihuacán,whichlayabout50kilometersnortheastofmodern-DayMexicoCity,beganitsgrowthby200-100B.C.Atitsheight,betweenaboutA.D.150and700,itprobablyhadapopulationofmorethan125,000peopleandcoveredatleast20squarekilometers.Ithadover2,000apartmentcomplexes,agreatmarket,alargenumberofindustrialworkshops,anadministrativecenter,anumberofmassivereligiousedifices,andaregulargridpatternofstreetsandbuildings.Clearly,muchplanningandcentralcontrolwereinvolvedintheexpansionandorderingofhisgreatmetropolis.Moreover,thecityhadeconomicandperhapsreligiouscontactswithmostpartsofMesoamerica(modernCentralAmericaandMexico).
1.Thewordmassiveinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○ancient
○carefully
○verylarge
○carefullyprotected
2.Inparagraph1,eachofthefollowingismentionedasafeatureofthecityofTeotihuacánbetweenA.D.150and700EXCEPT
○regularlyarrangedstreets
○severaladministrativecentersspreadacrossthecity
○manymanufacturingworkshops
○apartmentcomplexes
Paragraph2:
Howdidthistremendousdevelopmenttakeplace,andwhydidithappenintheTeotihuacánValley?
AmongthemainfactorsareTeotihuacán’sgeographiclocationonanaturaltraderoutetothesouthandeastoftheValleyofMexico,theobsidianresourcesintheTeotihuacánValleyitself,andthevalley’spotentialforextensiveirrigation.Theexactroleofotherfactorsismuchmoredifficulttopinpoint,forinstance,Teotihuacán’sreligioussignificanceasashrine,thehistoricalsituationinandaroundtheValleyofMexicotowardtheendofthefirstmillenniumB.C.,theingenuityandforesightednessofTeotihuacán’selite,and,finally,theimpactofnaturaldisasters,suchasthevolcaniceruptionsofthelatefirstmillenniumB.C.
3.Thewordpinpointinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○identifyprecisely
○makeanargumentfor
○describe
○understand
4.Thewordingenuityinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○ambition
○sincerity
○faith
○cleverness
5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asamainfactorinthedevelopmentofTeotihuacán?
○ThepresenceofobsidianintheTeotihuacánValley
○ThepotentialforextensiveirrigationofTeotihuacánValleylands
○AlongperiodofvolcanicinactivityintheTeotihuacánValley
○Teotihuacán’slocationonanaturaltraderoute
Paragraph2:
Howdidthistremendousdevelopmenttakeplace,andwhydidithappenintheTeotihuacánValley?
AmongthemainfactorsareTeotihuacán’sgeographiclocationonanaturaltraderoutetothesouthandeastoftheValleyofMexico,theobsidianresourcesintheTeotihuacánValleyitself,andthevalley’spotentialforextensiveirrigation.Theexactroleofotherfactorsismuchmoredifficulttopinpoint,forinstance,Teotihuacán’sreligioussignificanceasashrine,thehistoricalsituationinandaroundtheValleyofMexicotowardtheendofthefirstmillenniumB.C.,theingenuityandforesightednessofTeotihuacán’selite,and,finally,theimpactofnaturaldisasters,suchasthevolcaniceruptionsofthelatefirstmillenniumB.C.
Paragraph3:
ThislastfactorisatleastcircumstantiallyimplicatedinTeotihuacán’srise.Priorto200B.C.,anumberofrelativelysmallcenterscoexistedinandneartheValleyofMexico.Aroundthistime,thelargestofthesecenters,Cuicuilco,wasseriouslyaffectedbyavolcaniceruption,withmuchofitsagriculturallandcoveredbylava.WithCuicuilcoeliminatedasapotentialrival,anyoneofanumberofrelativelymodesttownsmighthaveemergedasaleadingeconomicandpoliticalpowerinCentralMexico.Thearchaeologicalevidenceclearlyindicates,though,thatTeotiluacanwasthecenterthatdidariseasthepredominantforceintheareabythefirstcenturyA.D.
6.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraphs2and3abouttheVolcaniceruptionsofthelatefirstmillenniumB.C.?
○Theyweremorefrequentthanhistoriansoncethought.
○TheymayhavedonemoredamagetoTeotihuacánthantoneighboringcenters.
○TheymayhaveplayedamajorroleintheriseofTeotihuacán.
○TheyincreasedtheneedforextensiveirrigationintheTeotihuacánValley
7.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph3aboutCuicuilcopriorto200B.C.?
○Itwasafairlysmallcityuntilthatdate.
○ItwaslocatedoutsidetheValleyofMexico.
○Itemergedrapidlyasaneconomicalandpoliticalcenter.
○Itseconomyreliedheavilyonagriculture.
8.Thewordpredominantinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○mostaggressive
○mostproductive
○principal
○earliest
Paragraph4:
ItseemslikelythatTeotihuacán’snaturalresources,alongwiththecityelite’sabilitytorecognizetheirpotential,gavethecityacompetitiveedgeoveritsneighbors,Thevalley,likemanyotherplacesinMexicanandGuatemalanhighlands,wasrichinobsidian.Thehardvolcanicstonewasaresourcethathadbeeningreatdemandformanyyears,atleastsincetheriseoftheOlmecs(apeoplewhoflourishedbetween1200and400B.C.),anditapparentlyhadasecuremarket.Moreover,recentresearchonobsidiantoolsfoundatOlme
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