王名扬法国行政法第8卷.docx
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王名扬法国行政法第8卷.docx
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王名扬法国行政法第8卷
THEDIGESTORPANDECTS.BOOKVIII.
TITLEI.CONCERNINGSERVITUDES.
1.Marcianus,Rules,BookHI.
Servitudesareeitherpersonal,asuseandusufruct;orreal,astheservitudesofrusticandurbanestates.
2.Ulpianus,OntheEdict,BookXVII.
Oneoftheownersofahouseheldincommoncannotimposeaservitudeuponit.
3.Paulus,OntheEdict,BookXXI.
Someservitudesareattachedtothesoil,otherstothesurface.
4.Papinianus,Questions,BookVII.
Servitudescannotbecreatedbydirectlawfromacertaintime,oruntilacertaintime,orunderacondition,oronacertaincontingency;(forexample,"aslongasIwish",)nevertheless,ifsuchprovisionsastheseareadded,andapartybringssuitfortherecoveryoftheservitude,inviolationofthetermsofthecontract,anexceptionmaybeinterposedonthegroundthattheclaimiscontrarytowhathadbeenagreedupon,orforfraud,andthisCassiusstateswastheopinionofSabinusinwhichhehimselfconcurred.
(1)Itisestablishedthatlimitationscanbeaddedtoservitudes;as,forinstance,withreferencetowhatkindoftransactionsshallbepermitted,orshallnotbepermitteduponaroadway,as,forinstance,thatitmustonlybetraversedbyahorse,orthatonlyacertainweightshallbetransported,orsuch-and-suchaflockshallbedrivenoverit,orthatcharcoalshallbecarried.
(2)Whereintervalsofacertainnumberofdaysandhoursarementioned,thisdoesnotrelatetothequestionoftime,butonlytothemannerinwhichaservitudecreatedinaccordancewithlawshallbeenjoyed.
5.Gaius,OntheProvincialEdict,BookVII.
Servitudesgrantedforadriveway,apathway,thepassageofcattle,andtheconductofwater,arecreatedinalmostthesamemannerasthoseinwhichwehavestatedthatusufructiscreated.
(1)Theenjoymentofservitudesmaybelimitedwithreferencetotime;forexample,whereapartymaymakeuseoftheservitudefromthethirduntilthetenthhour,oronalternatedays.
6.Paulus,OntheEdict,BookXXI.
Aservitudecanbeeitherreleasedorcreatedwithreferencetoacertainpartoftheland.
7.Ulpianus,OntheLexJuliaetPapia,BookXIII.Therightofbuildingasewerisaservitude.
8.Paulus,OnPlautius,BookXV.
Aservitudecannotbeimposedpermittingustopickapples,ortowalkabout,ortoeatourdinner,onthelandofanother.
(1)IfIhaveaservitudeinyourland,orifIbecometheownerofpartofsaidland,andyoubecometheownerofpartofmine,theservitudewillberetainedinbothpartsofthesame;althoughinthebeginning,itcouldnothavebeenacquiredwithreferencetoonlyapart.
9.Celsus,Digest,BookV.
Ifarightofwaythroughthepropertyofanotherismerelygrantedorbequeathedtoanyonehewillhavetherighttowalkordriveoverit,butonlyinapropermanner,thatistosayoveranyportionofthesame;forcertainthingsaretacitlyunderstoodtobeexceptedinordinaryconversation.Hewillnot,however,bepermittedtogothroughthehouse,ortowalkordrivethroughthevineyards,whenhemighthavedonesojustasconvenientlyelsewhere,andwithlessinjurytothelandsubjecttotheservitude.Foritissettledthatinwhateverdirectionhefirstdirectshiscourse,hemustafterwardsusethesameinwalkinganddriving;andthathehasnopowersubsequentlytochangeit.ThisviewwasalsoheldbySabinus,whostatedinanargumentthatitwaslawfulforapartytodirectawater-coursewhereverhepleased,butafterthiswasdonehecouldnotchangeit;anditistruethatthisruleshouldalsobeobservedinthecaseofarightofway.
10.TheSame,Digest,BookXVIII.
Wheretherighttowalkthroughpropertyisbequeathedwhichcannotbeenjoyedunlesscertainworkisperformed,Proculussaysthatthelegateehasarighttomakeapathbyexcavation,orbysubstructure.
11.Modestinus,Differences,BookVI.
Itiscommonlyheldthataservitudecannotbeacquiredofapartoftheownership;andtherefore,whereanyonewhohasatractoflandstipulatesforarightofwayandafterwardsalienatesaportionofsaidland,he,inthisinstance,vitiatesthestipulationbyintroducingmattersforwhich,inthebeginning,astipulationcouldnothavebeenmade.Arightofwaywithreferencetoapartcannotbeeitherbequeathedorrevoked,andifthisisdone,neitherthebequest,northerevocationwillbevalid.
12.Javolenus,Epistles,BookIV.
Idonotdoubtthataservitudeoflandcanbedulyacquiredthroughaslavebelongingtoamunicipality.
13.Pomponius,OnQuintusMucius,BookXIV.
Wherearightofwayhasbeengranted,andtheplaceindicatedforthesameissonarrowthatneitheravehiclenorabeastofburdencanenterit,itwillbeheldthatapathwayratherthanadrivewayis
acquired.Butifabeastofburdencanbeconductedthroughitbutavehiclecannot,therightofwayforcattleisheldtobeacquired.
14.Paulus,OnSabinus,BookXV.
Servitudesofrusticestates,eventhoughtheyareattachedtocorporealpropertyare,nevertheless,incorporeal,andthereforecanneverbeacquiredbyuse;theremaybeservitudesofsuchakindthattheydonotadmitofcertainandcontinuouspossession,fornoonecanhavepermanentandcontinuouspossessionofapathinsuchawaythatitcanbeheldnottobeinterruptedforanytime.Thesamerulemustbeobservedwithreferencetotheservitudesofurbanestates.
(1)Theservitudesofapathleadingtoatombremainsprivateproperty,andthereforeitcanbereleasedtotheownerofthelandsubjecttotheservitude;and,itcanalsobeacquiredevenafterthetombhasbeeninvestedwithareligiouscharacter.
(2)Wherelandbelongingtothepublicorahighwayissituatedbetweentwoestates,aservitudefordrawingwatermaybeimposed,butawater-coursecannot.Itis,however,customarytopetitiontheEmperortopermittheparty,"toconductwateracrossahighwayinsuchamannerastocausenoinconveniencetothepublic".
Theexistenceofsacredandreligiousplacesbetweentwotractsoflandpreventsthecreationoftheservitudeofapathway;sincenooneisentitledtoaservitudethroughplacesofthiskind.
15.Pomponius,OnSabinus,BookXXXV.
Wheneverservitudesareneitherpersonalnorreal,then,becausetheneighborshavenointerestinthem,theyarenotvalid;asforinstance,onewhichstatesthatyoushallneitherwalknorstandonyourownproperty.Therefore,ifyougrantmeasaservitudethatyouwillnothavetherighttouseandenjoythecropsfromyourownland,thisisvoid.Itwouldbeotherwise,however,ifyougrantedmeaservitudeprovidingthatyoushouldhavenorighttodrawwateronyourownland,forthepurposeofdiminishingmysupplyofwater.
(1)Thenatureofservitudesisnotsuchthatapersonshouldbecompelledtodoanythingwhatever,(asforinstance,tomoveshrubberyinordertogiveamorepleasantview,or,forthesamepurpose,topaintsomethingonhisownland),butheshouldonlytoleratesomething,oragreenottoperformsomeact.
16.Julianus,Digest,BookXLIX.
Whereamanhasreceivedrealpropertyassecurity,itisnotunjustthatheshouldbegrantedaprætorianactiontoenforceaservitudetowhichitissubject;justasanactionofthiskindwillbegrantedfortherecoveryofthelanditself.Itisestablishedthatthesamerulemustbeobservedwithrespecttoapartywhoholdslandunderaperpetuallease.
17.Pomponius,Rules.
Ashareinarightofway,orapathway,oradrivewayforcattle,orawater-course,cannotbemadethesubjectofanobligation,be-
causetheuseofthesethingsisundivided;andthereforewhereastipulatordiesleavingseveralheirs,anyoneofthemcanbringanactionfortheentirerightofway;andifthepartypromisingdiesleavingseveralheirs,anactioncanbebroughtfortheentirerightagainstanyoneofthemindividually.
18.Paulus,Questions,BookXXXI.
Papinianusstatesinanotethatithasbeenestablishedthatinallinstanceswhereservitudeshavebeenextinguishedbytheentryoftheheir,alegateewillbebarredbyanexceptiononthegroundoffraud,ifhedoesnotpermittheservitudestobeagainimposed.
19.Labeo,LastWorks,AbridgedbyJavolenus,BookIV.
Ithinkthatwhereanyonesellsland,aservitudecanbeimposeduponit,evenifitisnotusefultohim;forexample,whereapartywouldhavenointerestinawater-course,suchaservitudecanneverthelessbecreated,astherearecertainthingswhichwecanhave,eventhoughtheyareofnoadvantagetous.
20.Javolenus,OntheLastWorksofLabeo,BookV.
Asoftenasarightofwayoranyotherrightattachingtolandispurchased,Labeoisoftheopinionthatsecurityshouldbegiventhatnothingwillbedonebyyoutopreventthepurchaserfromavailinghimselfofhisright,becausetherecanbenoopendeliveryofarightofthisdescription.Ithinkthattheuseofsucharightmustbeconsideredasequivalenttodeliveryofpossession;andthereforeinterdictscorrespondingtothoserelatingtopossessionhavebeenestablished.
TITLEII.CONCERNINGSERVITUDESOFURBANESTATES.
1.Paulus,OntheEdict,BookXXI.
Wherelandbelongingtothepublicorahighwayintervenes,thisdoesnotpreventtheservitudesofarightofway,orfordrivingcattle,orforraisingtheheightofahouse,frombeingenjoyed;butitdoesinterferewiththerightofsupportingabeambyawall,orofaprojectingroof,anditalsointerfereswiththeservitudesfortheflowinganddrippingofwater,forthereasonthattheskyovertheaforesaidgroundshouldbefree.1
(1)Wheretheusufructofahouseisyours,andIhavethemereownershipofthesame,anditissubjecttothesupportofthebuildingofaneighbor;suitcanbebroughtagainstm
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