课外活动在小学英语教学中的理论思考与实践.docx
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课外活动在小学英语教学中的理论思考与实践.docx
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课外活动在小学英语教学中的理论思考与实践
TheoreticalandPracticalConsiderationsofExtracurricularActivitiesinELTinPrimarySchool
(中文)课外活动在小学英语教学中的理论思考与实践_
Abstract:
Throughtheoreticalandpracticalconsiderations,thisthesisaimstoillustratetheimportantroleofextracurricularactivitiesinEnglishlanguageteaching(ELT)inChineseprimaryschools,deepenteachers’andstudents'understandingofthevalueofextracurricularactivities,explorenewlearningstrategies,andimprovethequalityofELT.Withthedevelopmentofpsycholinguisticsandteachingmethodology,moreandmoreexpertsandteacherscometorealizethevalueofextracurricularactivitiesinELT,buttheylackcomprehensiveandprofoundunderstandingofextracurricularactivitiesandhavelittleexperienceinpractice.Attheendofthethesis,theauthorintroducessomepracticaltechniquesofapplyingextracurricularactivitiesinELT,whichincludesdesigningtechniquesandapplicationtechniques,encouragesteacherstocarryoutusefulextra-curricularactivitiesandprovidesthemwithpracticalguidance.
Keywords:
extracurricularactivities;languageInput;affectivefilter;context;communicativelanguageteaching
1.Introduction
WithmoreandmorelanguageteachersandscholarscometorealizethevalueofextracurricularactivitiesinELTandafewstudieshavebeenmadeinthisfield.Inthispaper,withaninvestigationbeingmadeintothepresentsituationofextracurricularactivitiesinprimaryschools,theauthorwillmainlyfocusonthetheoriesandpracticalmethodsinextracurricularactivitiessoastodeepenteachers’andstudents'understandingofthevalueofextracurricularactivitiesinEnglishlanguagelearningandteaching.
Thispaperconsistsoffiveparts:
partoneisareviewofthepreviousstudiesconcerningextracurricularactivitiesandabriefintroductiontothewholethesis.ParttwoprovidestheoreticalbasisandpedagogicalreasonsfortheimportanceofconductingextracurricularactivitiesinELT.Partthreeintroducesthebasicfeaturesandpracticaltechniqueofdevelopingextracurricularactivities.Partfourisaninvestigationintothepresentsituationofextracurricularactivitiesinprimaryschools.Partfiveconcludestheabovefourchaptersandpointsouttheproblemstobesolvedinextracurricularactivities.
2.Thetheoreticalbackgroundoftheresearch
Withthedevelopmentofpsycholinguisticsandteachingmethodology,moreandmoreexpertshaveputforwardthestrongtheorytosupporttoextracurricularactivities.
2.1 Krashen'stwo languageacquisitiontheory
Krashen,Americanfamouslinguist,said,"comprehensibleinputisthetruecauseofsecondlanguageacquisition"(Krashen1982:
33).Krashen'sInputHypothesisclaimstoexplaintherelationshipbetweenwhatthelearnerisexposedtoofalanguage(theInput)andlanguageacquisition."Humanacquireslanguageinonlyonewaybyunderstandingmessagesorbyreceiving'comprehensibleinput'"(Krashen1982).AccordingtoKrashen(1982:
63-72),optimalinputshouldbe:
a.comprehensible
b.Interestingandrelevanttotheacquire
c.notgrammaticallysequenced
d.providedinsufficientquantity
TheInputHypothesishasobviousimplicationsforlanguageteaching.
First,asmuchcomprehensibleinputaspossiblemustbepresented.Ontheonehand,theteachershouldselectthebestwaytocreatearichenvironmentforEnglishteaching.Ontheotherhand,theteachershouldincreaseallkindsofInput.
Second,whateverhelpingcomprehensionisimportant.Themainfunctionofthesecondlanguageteacheristohelpmakeusebothlinguisticandnon-linguisticmeanstoaidcomprehension.
Third,createdmaterialsandprovidedinputshouldbeinterestingandrelevanttotheacquirers.
"AffectiveFilterHypothesis"considersthatalargenumberofsuitableinputenvironmentsdonotmeanthestudentscanlearnthepurposeoflanguage.Andtheprocessofsecondlanguageacquisitionisinfluencedbymanyaffectivefactors.LanguageInputcanturnintolanguage"intake"justthroughtheaffectivefilter.Thatistosay,theemotionalfactorsplayaroleinpromotingorhindering.Sointheprocessofteaching,teachersshouldnotonlyenablethelearnerstocontactalotofmeaningful,interestingorsecondlanguageInputmaterials,butalsotoprovidethemwithanenvironmentoflowaffectivefilter.
2.2Theoryofcontext
Herethenatureofcontextanditsrelationtolanguageuseisintroducedexplicitlyorbyimplication.Thesecategoriesofcontextprovideconditionsfordeterminingthepragmaticmeaningofwhatpeoplesaywhentheyuselanguage.ContexthasthefollowingfunctionsinELT:
Firstly,contexthelpstocomprehendvagueorambiguouslanguage.Thespecificmeaningofpoly-semiscanonlybedeterminedbycontext.Itisveryhardtogettherealmeaningofawordifwestudyitwithouttakingthecontextintoconsideration.
Secondly,contexthelpstodeterminethereferentofthedepiction.Thecomprehensionofdepictiondependsonthecontextandthereferentofdepictionexistsinthecontext.
Thirdly,contexthelpstodeterminethemeaningoflinguisticsformsorphrases.Themeaningofsomelinguisticsformsorphrasesisindefiniteandrelatestocertainpersons,events,time,places,etc.therefore,ithastobedeterminedbycontext.
Fourthly,contexthelpstocomprehendculture-loadedwords.Linguisticformsreflectthesocialculture.Therefore,thecomprehensionofculture-loadedwordsdependsonthesocialcontext.
3.Thebasicfeaturesandprincipleofextracurricularactivities
3.1Thebasicfeatures(HuChundong1990:
316-327)
3.1.1Asupplementtoclassroomteaching
InELTinChina,classroomteachinghasalwaysbeenthechiefmeansofELTandextracurricularactivitiesplayaprimaryrole.Asasupplement,theymustbecombinedwithclassroomteaching.Thepurposeofconductingextracurricularactivitiesistomakeupthelimitationsofclassroomteachingandhelptofulfilltheteachingtasks,thatis,toconsolidatestudents'basicEnglishknowledgeandtoimprovetheirabilitiesoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting(LSRW).Thelimitationsofclassroomteachingareshowninthefollowingaspects.
Firstofall,insituationoutsidetheclassroom,thelearnerswillneedtosatisfyamuchwidervarietyofcommunicativeneeds,copewithagreatervarietyofpatternsofinteractionandbecomeinvolvedindifferentkindsofsocialrelationships,forwhichdifferentkindsoflanguagewillappropriate.
Furthermore,itistooeasyforaforeignlanguageclassroomtocreateinhibitionsandanxiety.
What'smore,theInputthatclassroomteachingsuppliesareinsufficiently.Toacquireaforeignlanguageisnotanessaything.Thelearnersshouldbeexposedtoasmuchcomprehensibleinputaspossible.Inaddition,theclasshoursarelimited.
Finally,sincethesizeoftheclassesinChineseprimaryschoolsisrelativelybig,itisimpossiblefortheteachertoconsiderindividualdifferencesamongstudentsandtoteachtheminaccordancewiththeirownaptitudewithinthelimitedhoursofclassroomteaching.
3.1.2Student-centered
Inextracurricularactivitiesstudentsplayakeyroleandmuchfreedomislefttothem.Inclassroomteaching,themorecommonlyusedactivityisthequestion-answertypethoughthereismuchimprovementinrecentyears.Evenindiscussions,onlyasmallpartoftheclassisinvolvedandtheotherswouldloseinterest.Thusitisveryhardforthemtotaketheirinitiative.However,nearlyalltheextracurricularactivities,includingLSRWactivities,arestudent-centered.Thisisamuchhighlyorganizedtechniqueandkeepsthewholeclassinvolved.Insuchactivitieseachofthestudentsplaysarole.Theyworkinpairsoringroupsmostofthetime.Thismakesstudentsfeelsecureandcanespeciallyhelpstudentsfeelshywhowouldneversayanythinginawhole-classactivity.
3.1.3Varied,flexibleandfulloffun
Harmerheldthat‘variety’and‘flexibility’arethetwooverridingprinciplesbehindgoodlessonplanning(Harmer1983:
220).Extracurricularactivitiesarevaried,flexibleandfulloffun.Whileinextracurricularactivities,studentscanconductvariousinterestingactivities,suchasEnglishwallpaper,Englishcorner,Englishevening,Englishlisteningandspeechcontest;variousgamessuchasrole-play,interview,mime,tonguetwisters,guessgame,musicandsongs,riddles,quizzes,naughtandcrosses,storyconstruction,describingandidentifying,etc.,outdooractivitiessuchasgoingshopping,flyingkites,plantingtrees,etc.Theseentertainingactivitiesareinformativeandinstructiveaswell.Theycanhelptomotivatestudents'initiativeandenablethemtolearninlightandcheerfulatmosphere.
3.2Theintroductionofvariousformsofactivities:
(李庭芗1983:
296-304)
(1)Game
EnglishgamescanenhancestudentinterestandconfidenceinlearningEnglish.Itisaneffectivemeanstodeveloporalproficiencyandconsolidatethevocabulary,grammar,pronunciationtraining.Englishgamegenerallyhasthenatureofthegame,toparticipateinthegamepeopleisheldthepsychologicaldesiretowin,whichwillnotonlyencouragethemtopositivethinking,butalsohelptoovercometheirpsychologicalbarriersshy.Forexample,wordgames.Participantsinacircle,eachpersonspeakawordinEnglish,requiringthesewordstogetherintoacompletestory.Apersonmakesastart,thenthenextpersonspeaks,andaconstantlygoon.Whopausesalongertime,orspeaksthesentenceornot,ormakesthestoryinterrupted,whoevenlost.Thematerialtalkingaboutshouldhavebeenlearned.Inthisway,studentscannotonlytellaveryinterestingstory,butalsoplayaroleinthereviewofthetext.
(2)Performance
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