工程造价外文及翻译说课讲解.docx
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工程造价外文及翻译说课讲解.docx
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工程造价外文及翻译说课讲解
TheCostofBuildingStructure
1.Introduction
Theartofarchitecturaldesignwascharacterizedasoneofdealingcomprehensivelywithacomplexsetofphysicalandnonphysicaldesigndeterminants.Structuralconsiderationswerecastasimportantphysicaldeterminantsthatshouldbedealtwithinahierarchicalfashioniftheyaretohaveasignificantimpactonspatialorganizationandenvironmentalcontroldesignthinking.
Theeconomicalaspectofbuildingrepresentsanonphysicalstructuralconsiderationthat,infinalanalysis,mustalsobeconsideredimportant.Costconsiderationsareincertainwaysaconstrainttocreativedesign.Butthisneednotbeso.Ifsomethingisknownoftherelationshipbetweenstructuralandconstructivedesignoptionsandtheircostofimplementation,itisreasonabletobelievethatcreativitycanbeenhanced.Thishasbeenconfirmedbytheauthors’observationthatmostenhanced.Thishasbeenconfirmedbytheauthors’observationthatmostcreativedesigninnovationssucceedundercompetitivebiddingandnotbecauseofunusualowneraffluenceasthefewpublicizedcasesofextravagancemightleadonetobelieve.Onecouldevensaythatadesignerwhoistrulycreativewillproducearchitecturalexcellencewithintheconstraintsofeconomy.Especiallytoday,wefindthatthereisaneedtorecognizethateleganceandeconomycanbecomesynonymousconcepts.
Therefore,inthischapterwewillsetforthabriefexplanationoftheparametersofcostanalysisandthemeansbywhichdesignersmayevaluatetheoveralleconomicimplicationsoftheirstructuralandarchitecturaldesignthinking.
Thecostofstructurealonecanbemeasuredrelativetothetotalcostofbuildingconstruction.Or,sincethetotalconstructioncostisbutapartofatotalprojectcost,onecouldincludeadditionalconsiderationforland(10~20percent),financeandinterest(100~200percent),taxesandmaintenancecosts(ontheorderof20percent).Butadiscussionoftheseso-calledarchitecturalcostsisbeyondthescopeofthisbook,andwewillfocusonthecostofconstructiononly.
Ontheaverage,purelystructuralcostsaccountforabout25percentoftotalconstructioncosts,Thisissobecauseithasbeentraditionaltodiscriminatebetweenpurelystructuralandotherso-calledarchitecturalcostsofconstruction.Thus,intraditionwefindthatarchitecturalcostshavebeentakentobethosethatarenotnecessaryforthestructuralstrengthandphysicalintegrityofabuildingdesign.
“Essentialservices”formsathirdconstructioncostcategoryandreferstotheprovisionofmechanicalandelectricalequipmentandotherservicesystems.Ontheaverage,theseservicecostsaccountforsome15to30percentofthetotalconstructioncost,dependingonthetypeofbuilding.Mechanicalandelectricalreferstothecostofprovidingforair-conditioningequipmentandhemeansonairdistributionaswellasotherservices,suchasplumbing,communications,andelectricallightandpower.
Thesalientpointisthatthisbreakdownofcostssuggeststhat,uptonow,anaverageofabout45to60percentofthetotalcostofconstructingatypicaldesignsolutioncouldbeconsideredasarchitectural.Butthispictureisrapidlychanging.Withhighinterestcostsandascarcityofcapital,clientgroupsaredemandingleanerdesigns.Therefore,onemayconcludethattherearetwoapproachesthedesignermaytaketowardsinfluencingtheconstructioncostofbuilding.
Thefirstapproachtocostefficiencyistoconsiderthatwhereverarchitecturalandstructuralsolutionscanbeachievedsimultaneously,apotentialforeconomyisevident.Sincecurrenttrendsindicateareluctancetoallocatelargeportionsofaconstructionbudgettopurelyarchitecturalcosts,thisapproachseemsalogicalnecessity.But,evenwheremoneyisavailable,anyuseofstructuretoplayabasicarchitecturalrolewillallowthenonstructuralbudgettobeappliedtofulfillotherarchitecturalneedsthatmightnormallyhavetobeappliedtofulfillotherarchitecturalneedsthatmightnormallyhavetobecutback.Thesecondapproachachieveseconomythroughanintegrationofserviceandstructuralsubsystemstoroundoutone’sefforttoproduceatotalarchitecturalsolutiontoabuildingdesignproblem.
Thefinalpricingofaprojectbytheconstructororcontractorusuallytakesadifferentform.Thecostsarebrokendowninto
(1)costofmaterialsbroughttothesite,
(2)costoflaborinvolvedineveryphaseoftheconstructionprocess,(3)costofequipmentpurchasedorrentedfortheproject,(4)costofmanagementandoverhead,and(5)profit.Thearchitectorengineerseldomfollowssuchanaccuratepathbutshouldperhapskeepinmindhowtheactualcostofastructureisfinallypricedandmadeup.
Thus,thepercentaveragesstatedaboveareobviouslycrude,buttheycansufficetointroducethe
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