Part IWriting.docx
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Part IWriting.docx
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PartIWriting
PartI Writing (30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetter.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese."
给你的外国朋友写一封信,告诉他(她)你已经被美国的一所大学录取,但你苦恼的是自己的听力和口语水平不够,你想寻求他(她)对于如何提高听力和口语的建议。
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
TheEarth PowerandLight
Comparedtotherestoftheuniverse,theEarthisverysmall.OurplanetandsevenothersorbittheSun,whichisonlyoneofabout200billionstarsinourgalaxy.Ourgalaxy,theMilkyWay,ispartoftheuniverse,whichincludesmillionsofother
galaxiesandtheirstarsandplanets.Bycomparison,theEarthismicroscopic.
Comparedtoaperson,ontheotherhand,theEarthisenormous.Ithasadiameterof7,926miles(12,756kilometers)attheequator,andithasamassofabout6x1024kilograms.TheEarthorbitstheSunataspeedofabout66,638milesperhour(29.79kilometerspersecond).Don’tdwellonthosenumberstoolong,though;toalotofpeople,theEarthisinconceivably,mind-bogglinglybig.Andit’sjustafractionofthesizeoftheSun.
FromourperspectiveonEarth,theSunlooksverysmall.Thisisbecauseit’sabout93millionmilesawayfromus.TheSun’sdiameteratitsequatorisabout100timesbiggerthanEarth’s,andaboutamillionEarthscouldfitinsidetheSun.The
Sunisinconceivably,mind-bogglinglybigger.
ButwithouttheSun,theEarthcouldnotexist.Inasense,theEarthisagiantmachine,fullofmovingpartsandcomplexsystems.Allthosesystemsneedpower,andthatpowercomesfromtheSun.
TheSunisanenormousnuclearpowersource--throughcomplexreactions,ittransformshydrogenintohelium,releasinglightandheat.Becauseofthesereactions,everysquaremeterofourplanet’ssurfacegetsabout342WattsofenergyfromtheSuneveryyear.Thisisabout1.7~1017Wattstotal,orasmuchas1.7billionlargepowerplantscouldgenerate.YoucanlearnabouthowtheSuncreatesenergyinHowtheSunWorks.
WhenthisenergyreachestheEarth,itprovidespowerforavarietyofreactions,cyclesandsystems.Itdrivesthecirculationoftheatmosphereandtheoceans.Itmakesfoodforplants,whichmanypeopleandanimalseat.LifeonEarthcouldnotexistwithouttheSun,andtheplanetitselfwouldnothavedevelopedwithoutit.
Toacasualobserver,theSun’smostvisiblecontributionstolifearelight,heatandweather.
NightandDay
SomeoftheSun’sbiggestimpactsonourplanetarealsoitsmostobvious.AstheEarthspinsonitsaxis,partsoftheplanetareintheSunwhileothersareintheshade.Inotherwords,theSunappearstoriseandset.Thepartsoftheworldthatareindaylightgetwarmerwhilethepartsthataredarkgraduallylosetheheattheyabsorbedduringtheday.
YoucangetasenseofhowmuchtheSunaffectstheEarth’stemperaturebystandingoutsideonapartlycloudyday.
WhentheSunisbehindacloud,youfeelnoticeablycoolerthanwhenitisn’t.ThesurfaceofourplanetabsorbsthisheatfromtheSunandemitsitthesamewaythatpavementcontinuestogiveoffheatinthesummeraftertheSungoesdown.Our
atmospheredoesthesamething-itabsorbstheheatthatthegroundemitsandsendssomeofitbacktotheEarth.
TheEarth’srelationshipwiththeSunalsocreatesseasons.TheEarth’saxistipsalittle-about23.5degrees.OnehemispherepointstowardtheSunastheotherpointsaway.ThehemispherethatpointstowardtheSuniswarmerandgetsmorelight--it’ssummerthere,andintheotherhemisphereit’swinter.Thiseffectislessdramaticneartheequatorthanatthepoles,sincetheequatorreceivesaboutthesameamountofsunlightallyear.Thepoles,ontheotherhand,receivenosunlightatallduringtheirwintermonths,whichispartofthereasonwhythey’refrozen.
Mostpeoplearesousedtothedifferencesbetweennightandday(orsummerandwinter)thattheytakethemforgranted.
Butthesechangesinlightandtemperaturehaveanenormousimpactonothersystemsonourplanet.Oneisthecirculationofairthroughouratmosphere.Forexample:
TheSunshinesbrightlyovertheequator.TheairgetsverywarmbecausetheequatorfacestheSundirectlyandbecausetheozonelayeristhinnerthere.
Astheairwarms,itbeginstorise,creatingalowpressuresystem.Thehigheritrises,themoretheaircools.Watercondensesastheaircools,creatingcloudsandrainfall.Theairdriesoutastherainfalls.Theresultiswarm,dryair,relativelyhighinouratmosphere.
Becauseofthelowerairpressure,airrushestowardtheequatorfromthenorthandsouth.Asitwarms,itrises,pushingthedryairawaytothenorthandthesouth.
Thedryairsinksasitcools,creatinghigh-pressureareasanddesertstothenorthandsouthoftheequator.
ThisisjustonepieceofhowtheSuncirculatesairaroundtheworld--oceancurrents,weatherpatternsandotherfactorsalsoplayapart.Butingeneral,airmovesfromhigh-pressuretolow-pressureareas,muchthewaythathigh-pressureairrushesfromthemouthofaninflatedballoonwhenyouletgo.Heatalsogenerallymovesfromthewarmerequatortothecoolerpoles.
Imagineawarmdrinksittingonyourdesk--theairaroundthedrinkgetswarmerasthedrinkgetscolder.ThishappensonEarthonanenormousscale.
TheCoriolisEffect,aproductoftheEarth’srotation,affectsthissystemaswell.Itcauseslargeweathersystems,likehurricanes,torotate.Ithelpscreatewestward-runningtradewindsneartheequatorandeastward-runningjetstreamsinthenorthemandsouthemhemispheres.Thesewindpatternsmovemoistureandairfromoneplacetoanother,creatingweatherpatterns.(TheCoriolisEffectworksonalargescale--itdoesn’treallyaffectthewaterdrainingfromthesinklikesomepeoplesuppose.)
TheSungetsmuchofthecreditforcreatingbothwindandrain.WhentheSunwarmsairinaspecificlocation,thatairrises,creatinganareaoflowpressure.Moreairrushesinfromsurroundingareastofillthevoid,creatingwind.WithouttheSun,therewouldn’tbewind.Therealsomightnotbebreathableairatall.
WaterandFire
TheSunhasahugeeffect’onourwater.Itwarmstheoceansaroundthetropics,anditsabsencecoolsthewateraroundthepoles.Becauseofthis,oceancurrentsmovelargeamountsofwarmandcoldwater,drasticallyaffectingtheweatherand
climatearoundtheworld.TheSunalsodrivesthewatercycle,whichmovesabout18,757cubicmiles(495,000cubickilometers)ofwatervaporthroughtheatmosphereeveryyear.
Ifyou’veevergottenoutofaswimmingpoolonahotdayandrealizedafewminuteslaterthatyouweredryagain,youhavefirsthandexperiencewithevaporation.Ifyou’veseenwaterformonthesideofacolddrink,you’veseencondensationin
action.Theseareprimarycomponentsofthewatercycle,alsocalledthehydrologiccycle,whichexchangesmoisturebetweenbodiesofwaterandlandmasses.Thewatercycleisresponsibleforcloudsandrainaswellasoursupplyofdrinkingwater.
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答;8-10题在答题卡1上。
1.HowmanyEarthscouldfitinsidetheSun?
[A]Onemillion.[B]93million. [C]Twomillion. [D]100million.
2.Earthwouldnothavedevelopedwithout__
[A]water[B]fertilizer [C]soil [D]theSun
3.Whatdoesouratmospheredo?
[A]ItabsorbstheheatfromthegroundandsendsittotheSun.
[B]ItabsorbstheheatfromtheSunandemitsitbacktotheEarth.
[C]ItabsorbstheheatfromtheSunandemitsitthesameway.
[D]ItabsorbstheheatthegroundemitsandsendssomeofitbacktotheEarth.
4.__receivesaboutthesameamountofsunlightallyear.
[A]Thepoles [B]Theequator [C]Thenorthtemperatezone
[D]Thesouthtemperatezone
5.Airrushestowardtheequatorfromthenorthandsouth
[A]becauseofthedryair[B]becauseofthecoolair
[C]becauseofthelowerairpressure [D]becauseofthehigherairpressure
6.Whatdoesn’ttheCorolisEffectcause’?
[A]Westward-runningtradewinds. [B]Hurricanes.
[C]Thewaterdrainingfromthesink. [D]Eastward-runningjetstreams.
7.TheSunhascloselyrelationtocreate__
[A]wind [B]theair[C]soil[D]fire
8.TheSunhasahugeeffecton___________.
9.Ifyou’veseenwaterformonthesideofacolddrink,you’veseen___________
10.Thewatercycleisresponsibleforclouds,rainand___________
SectionB
PassageOne
Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Overthelast25years,Britishsocietyhaschangedagreatdeal--oratleastmanypartsofithave.Insomeways,however,verylittlehaschanged,particularlywhereattitudesareconcerned.Ideasaboutsocialclass--whetherapersonis"working-
class"or"middle-class"--areoneareainwhichchangeshavebeenextremelyslow.
Inthepast,theworking-classtendedtobepaidlessthanmiddle-classpeople,suchasteachersanddoctors.Asaresultofthisandalsoofthefactthatworkers’jobsweregenerallymuchlesssecure,distinctdifferencesinlife-stylesandattitudescameintoexistence.ThetypicalworkingmanwouldcollecthiswagesonFridayeveningandthen,itwaswidelybelieved,havinggivenhiswifeher"housekeeping",wouldgooutandsquander(浪费)therestonbeerandbetting.
Thestereotype(陈腔滥调)ofwhatamiddle-classmandidwithhismoneywasperhapsnearerthetruth.Hewas—andstillis--inclinedtotakealonger-termview.Notonlydidheregardbuyingahouseoftheseprovidedhimandhisfamilywith
security.Onlyinveryfewcasesdidworkershavetheopportunity(ortheeducationandtraining)tomakesuchlong-termplans.
Nowadays,agreatd
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