应急法律外文文献翻译.docx
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应急法律外文文献翻译.docx
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应急法律外文文献翻译
文献出处:
ThronsonP.TowardComprehensiveReformofAmerica’sEmergencyLawRegime[J].UniversityofMichiganJournalofLawReform,2013,46
(2).
原文
TOWARDCOMPREHENSIVEREFORMOFAMERICA’SEMERGENCYLAWREGIME
PatrickA.Thronson*
UnbenownsttomostAmericans,theUnitedStatesispresentlyunderthirtypresidentiallydeclaredstatesofemergency.TheyconfervastpowersontheExecutiveBranch,includingtheabilitytofinanciallyincapacitateanypersonororganizationintheUnitedStates,seizecontrolofthenation’scommunicationsinfrastructure,mobilizemilitaryforces,expandthepermissiblesizeofthemilitarywithoutcongressionalauthorization,andextendtoursofdutywithoutconsentfromservicepersonnel.DeclaredstatesofemergencymayalsoactivatePresidentialEmergencyActionDocumentsandothercontinuity-of-governmentprocedures,whichconferpowersonthePresident—suchastheunilateralsuspensionofhabeascorpus—thatappearfundamentallyopposedtotheAmericanconstitutionalorder.AlthoughtheNationalEmergenciesAct,byitsplainlanguage,requiresCongresstovoteeverysixmonthsonwhetheradeclarednationalemergencyshouldcontinue,Congresshasdonesoonlyonceinthenearlyforty-yearhistoryoftheAct.
ThisNoteandanaccompanyingonlinecompendiumattempt,forthefirsttimesincethe1970s,toreachareasonablycompleteassessmentofthescopeandlegaleffectsofthethirtynationalemergenciesnowineffectintheUnitedStates.TheNotealsoproposesspecificstatutoryreformstoreinintheuncheckedgrowthoftheseemergenciesandpoliticalreformstosubjectthevastexecutivepowersgrantedbytheU.S.Emergencylawregimetothedemocraticprocess.
INTRODUCTION
“AnationalemergencyexistsbyreasonoftheterroristattacksattheWorldTradeCenter,NewYork,NewYork,andthePentagon,andthecontinuingandimmediatethreatoffurtherattacksontheUnitedStates,”PresidentGeorgeW.BushproclaimedonSeptember14,2001.“IherebydeclarethatthenationalemergencyhasexistedsinceSeptember11,2001.”Overadecadelater,withOsamabinLadendeadandtheinfrastructureofalQaeda“takenapart,”thissameemergency,andthevastpowersitbestows,isstillwithus—alongwithtwenty-nineothernationalemergenciesthatgrantthePresidentgreatlyenhancedpowerstoregulatethenation’seconomic,military,andforeignaffairs.AlthoughCongresshasbeenrequiredbystatute,fornearlyfortyyears,tovoteeverysixmonthsonwhetheranationalemergencyshouldcontinue,ithasdonesoonlyonce.
ThecurrentproliferationofnationalemergenciesisexactlywhattheNationalEmergenciesAct(NEA)wasenactedtoprevent.TheNEAhasfailedentirelyinthisregard.ThestoryofitsfailureisastoryofhowtheUnitedStatesCongressachievedamomentofclarityaboutthevastemergencypowersithadbeendelegatingtothePresidentfordecadesandthequantityandscopeofuncheckedemergencypowersthenineffect.ItisastoryofhowCongress,withsubstantialsupportandcooperationfromtheExecutiveBranch,constructedaframeworkintendedtocomprehensivelyregulateandlimitfuturedeclarationsofnationalemergency.AnditisastoryofhowCongress,enabledbythejudiciary,subsequentlyrendereditsownworksuperfluousbyconsigningtheNEA’ssafeguardsagainsttheabuseofemergencypowerstoastateofdisuseandirrelevance.
I.METHODOLOGY
ThisNotecataloguesstatutoryprovisionsandpresidentialorderscontainingpowersthatareexplicitlyactivatedbyapresidentialdeclarationofnationalemergency,analyzesthemostfar-reachingofthesepowers,andproposesreforms.Theaccompanyingonlinecompendiumofemergencypowersprovidesafulldescriptionofmymethodology.
ThisNotedrawsonavarietyofprimarysources,primarilystatutes,presidentialorders,andothergovernmentdocuments.Federallawprovidesforpresidentialdeclarationsofemergencythatareanalogoustoa“nationalemergency”butareclassifieddifferentlyandtriggerauthoritiesbeyondthoseactivatedbyadeclarationofnationalemergency.Theseadditionaltypesofemergenciesinclude“nationalsecurityemergency,”“catastrophicemergency,”“defenseemergency,”“airdefenseemergency,”and“civilemergency.”
MyanalysisconcludesthatadeclarationofnationalemergencymakesavailabletothePresidentpowerscontainedinatleast160provisionsofstatutorylawanddozensofExecutiveOrders,presidentialdirectives,andotherregulations.Thesectionsthatfollowanalyzesomeoftheprovisionswiththemostfar-reachingeffectsontheindividuallibertiesandlivelihoodsofUnitedStatesresidentsandonthecountry’sinternationalrelations.
II.LEGISLATIVEHISTORY
ThisPartexaminesthelegislativehistoryoftheNEAandthetextoftheAct.ItseeksinparttoascertainthelegislativeintentofCongress—asexpressedinrevisions
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