Title AuthorAffiliation and Keywords2hrs.docx
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Title AuthorAffiliation and Keywords2hrs.docx
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TitleAuthorAffiliationandKeywords2hrs
Unit2.Title,Author/AffiliationandKeywords(2hrs)
Theinformationabouttitle&affiliationofanacademicpaperisoftenontheheadpageofadissertation,butitmayoccupydifferentplacesofaperiodicalpaper.Thetitleisalwaysattheverybeginningofaperiodicalpaper,withtheauthor’snameandaffiliationbelowthetitle,andabriefintroductiontotheauthorisalwaysatthebottomofafrontpageofaperiodicalpaper,orattheendofthepaper.
2.1.Titles
2.1.1.Generalfunctions
A.GeneralizingtheText
Atitleshouldsummarizethecentralideaofthepaperconciselyandcorrectly.Byglancingatthetitle,thereaderwillimmediatelyknow,incorporatingwiththeabstract,whatismainlydealtwithinthepaper.
B.AttractingtheReader
Ifatitleisaccurate,conciseanddistinct,itwillattractreadersalotandstimulatereaderstoreadthewholetext.Aninterestingtitlemaydrawparticularattentionamongprofessionals,foronlywhenreadersareinterestedinthetitlewilltheydecidetoreadthewholepaper.
C.FacilitatingtheRetrieval
Atitleusuallyprovidesleadsfortheinternationalinformationretrievalorganizationstochoosetheappropriatekeywordscontainedinitwhentheyorganizeindexandsecondarydocuments.So,atitleservesasanimportantindexofinformationretrievaltomeettheneedsofextensivepapercommunicationandinformationdissemination.
2.1.2LinguisticFeatures
A.UsingMoreNouns,NounPhrasesandGerunds
Thewordsorphrasesusedinatitleareveryoftennouns,nounphrasesorgerunds,nominalization,whichusuallyarekeywordsforthepaper,havingtheabilitytosumupthewholetext.Nounsornounphrasesusedinatitlecanbeaddedwithpre-modifiersor/andpost-modifiers.Therefore,atitlecannormallybecomposedofnounsornounphrases,adjectives,prepositions,articlesandconjunctions,andoccasionally,pronouns.Ifaverbshouldbeusedinatitle,itshouldbechangedintoitsinfiniteverbalforms,forinstance,presentparticiples,pastparticiplesorgerunds.Forexample,wemayeasilyfindsuchtitlesas:
(1)Civilization'sSourceandItsImplication.
(2)AMulti-perspectiveAccountofMetlinguisticNegation.
(3)ResearchontheMotivationsofLexisandVocabularyLearningStrategies.
(4)EmotionalTherapeutics:
NewRectifyingApp-roachesforChildren'sBehaviorProblems.
B.UsingIncompleteSentences
Atitleisjustalabelofappellationofthepaper,reflectingthemainideaofthecontent,soevenwhenthereisaneedtogiveatitleintheformofasentence,itdoesnotneedtobeacompletesentence.Acompletedeclarativesentenceusuallymakesatitlecontainingdeterminingimplication.Meanwhile,itappearslackingbrevityandclarity.
Forexample,thetitleNitrendipineIsEffectiveonSevereHypertensionisnotastandardone.Itisacompletedeclarativesentencethatcontainstheauthor'sdeterminingimplicationoftheeffectofthemedicineNitrendipine.SoitshouldberevisedintoEffectsofNitrendipineonSevereHypertension.
2.1.3WritingRequirements
A.ABCPrinciplesforTitles
Aisforaccuracy,BisforbrevityandCisforclarity,whichistheso-calledABCprinciples.Accuracymeansthatatitlecanappropriatelyexpressandfitintherealityofthepaper.Brevityasksthewritertosummarizethenecessarycontentwiththemostlimitedwords.Claritymeansatitleshouldclearlyreflectthedistinguishingfeaturesofthepaper.
Forexample,ResearchandDevelopmentofSound-transmittedTechnologyisnotatitletoexpressthespecificcontentaccurately.Byanalyzingtheoriginalwritingmaterial,weknowitisapaperaboutsound-transmittedtechnologyusedinon-linemonitoringformachinetools.SoitshouldbecorrectedintoOn-lineMonitoringforCuttingonMachineToolsbyUsingSound-transmittedTechnology.
B.BeingBriefandConcise
Generally,atitleiscomposedofnomorethantwentywords.Ifatitleistoolong,itwillbedifficultforreaderstocatchthemeaningofthecontentandrememberit.Ifthewriterfailstostatehisideaclearlyinafewwords,hecanuseasubtitle.Tobebriefandconcise,professionalpapersseldomusesuchdecorativelocutionsas“onthe....”“regarding....”“investigationon...,....themethodof...,....somethoughtson...,....aresearchof...,”andetc.,whichleadtoredundancy.Ofcourse,thetitlemustbelongenoughtodescribethecontentofthepaper.Tooshortatitle,sometimes,maybringaboutconfusion.
C.BeingSpecific
Inpreparingthetitleofapaper,ageneralandabstracttitleshouldbeavoided.Forexample,suchatitleasComputerSimulationsoftheMeasurementwillberegardedastoogeneralandglobal,vagueandempty,tellingthereadernothingspecific.ItwouldbebettertochangethetitleintosomethinglikeComputerSimulationsoftheMeasurementofQuadraticElectro-opticCoefficientsAssociatedwithRotationsofthePrincipalAxesoftheOpticalPermittivityTensor(JournalofOpticsA:
PureAppl.Opt.5,2003,147),accordingtothecontentofthepaper.Therevisedtitlecangreatlyhighlighttheemphasisandparticularityofthework.
D.AvoidingQuestionTitles
Aquestiontitlemeansacompletesentenceinthequestionform.Suchtitlesareusuallynotusedinanacademicpaper(especiallyinnaturalsciences),becausetheyalwaysincludesomeredundantquestionwordsandmarks,forexample,“Isthere....*....Whendoes...?
”“Shouldthe...?
....Isit...?
”andsoon.Whatisworse,suchatitlecreatesinconvenienceforinformationretrieval.Ifyourtitlereallycontainsaninterrogation,youmayadopttheformof“thequestionwords+infinitive,”forexample,HowtoPreparetheTitle,Authors/AffiliationsandKeywords.ThetitleWhenShouldNerveGapsBeGrafted?
AnExperimentalStudyonRatsshouldbechangedintoOptimalTimeforNerveGapsGrafting:
AnExperimentalStudyonRats.
E.BeingUnified
Theparallelpartsofatitleshouldbegrammaticallysymmetrical.Thatistosay,nounsshouldbematchedwithnouns,gerundswithgerunds,etc.Ingeneral,nounsandgerundsshouldnotbemixedinagiventitle.Forinstance,thetitleDigitalLaserMicrointerferometerandItsApplyingshouldbechangedintoDigitalLaserMicrointerferometerandItsApplicationsandthetitleMeasuringofSurfaceShapeandDeformationbyPhase-ShiftingImageDigitalHolographyshouldbereplacedbyMeasurementofSurfaceShapeandDeformationbyPhase-ShiftingImageDigitalHolography(2003SocietyofPhoto-OpticalInstrumentationEngineers,1267).
F.BeingStandard
Ingeneral,nonstandardabbreviationsandsymbolsand/oranytermsorphraseologyintelligibleonlytothespecialistshouldbeavoided,becausetheuseofthemcouldbeveryunfavorabletoefficientinformationretrieval.
Prepositionsusedintitlesshouldbecorrect.Prepositionsareflexible.Itshouldbenoticedthattheyareusuallyusedinsomecertainexpressions.Prepositionofshouldbepaidmoreattentiontobecauseitisfrequentlyusedinsomeexpressions.Butreaderswillbeborediftheyfindmorethantwoof’sappearinginonetitlesubsequently.Ifpossible,prepositionsonorforcanreplaceof.Sometimesapostrophecanbeusedinatitle.Additionally,withthedevelopmentoflanguage,itiscommontouseanountomodifyanothernoun.
Recently,titlestendtobebrief.Soarticlesshouldbeomittedwhentheyarenotnecessaryenough.
2.1.4SomeOtherRequirementsforTitles
A.Words'NumberLimitation
Generally,thenumberislimitedwithin10wordsandshouldn'tbeoverthelimitationof15words.Certainly,thelimitationisnotabsolute.Ifnecessary,itcanbeexceeded.Hereareonlysomereferentfigures.Thegeneralregulationisfixed:
basedonanaccurate,briefandcleartitle,thefewerofthewordsweuse,thebetterthetitleis.
B.HowtoNameaTitle
Atitleshouldgiveprominencetothecentralideaoftheresearchpaper.Themostimportantkeywords,whichshowthemainideaofapaper,arenormallyfixedfirstinatitle.Thatwilldrawreaders'attention.
Recently,someauthorsliketocrownatitlewithsuchwordsas:
(1)Observationon,Comparisonbetween,Improvementof,andetc.toshowtheaimofwritingthepaper.
(2)NuclearEnergyinChina,AIDSintheUnitedStates,PatientswithBreastCancer,DepressioninElderly,andetc.totellreaderstheobjectoftheresearch.
(3)ExperimentalStudyofLaserProcessingofAnalysisof,andetc.totelltheresearchmethod.
(4)Resultsof,Verificationof,Follow-upof,andetc.toshowtheresultoftheresearch.
(5)RealizingtheImportanceof,IsRegressionAnalysisNecessaryfor...?
andetc.tointroducethethesis.
Itoughttobenoticedthatweshouldnotapplytheaboveexpressionsmechanically.Butweshouldusethemaccordingtothecertainsituation.Ingeneral,theABCprinciplesareapplicableforever.
C.AbbreviationsinTitles
Withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,agreatamountoftechnologicaltermscomeintobeing.Allthesetermsconsistofnouns.Itisinconvenienttobewrittenandprintedorrecountedorally.Thus,theyareexpressedbytheabbreviationsoftheformationofnouns,andmostofthemaretheacronymformedbythefirstletterofeverynoun.Butweshouldseverelyusetheabbreviationsintitles--onlythoseabbreviations,whosefulltermsareratherlongandwhicharegenerallyacknowledgedinthescientificfieldandveryfamiliartoreaders,canbeused,suchas:
(1)LASER(lightamplificationbystimulated
emissionofradiation,激光).
(2)DNA(deoxyribonucleicacid,脱握拳核糖核酸).
(3)AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome,
(4)CT(computerizedtomography,电子计算机断
(5)NMR(nuclearmagneticresonance,核磁共振).
(6)BCG(BacilliCalmette-
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