微生物学大纲I.docx
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微生物学大纲I.docx
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微生物学大纲I
医学微生物学Ⅰ《教学大纲》
一,课程基本信息
课程名称:
医学微生物学MedicalMicrobiology
课程号:
50124430
课程类别:
基础医学专业课(供七年制、八年制和基础医学专业学生用)
学时:
51小时学分:
3分
二,教学目的及要求:
医学微生物学是生命科学中的重要学科,是研究病原微生物的形态、结构、生命活动规律以及与机体相互关系的一门重要的基础医学二级学科。
为医学生学习临床的感染性疾病、传染病、超敏反应性疾病和肿瘤发生等奠定重要的理论基础。
要求学生熟悉微生物学基本理论知识,掌握病原微生物的致病机制及其诊断、预防的主要措施。
三,教学内容:
医学微生物学是研究病原微生物的形态、结构、生命活动规律以及与机体相互关系的一门重要的基础医学学科,将为临床各科的感染性疾病、传染病、超敏反应性疾病和肿瘤发生等的学习奠定重要的理论基础。
同时,还开设了医学微生物学实验课,培养学生的动手能力和分析问题的能力.
本课程主要讲述微生物的基本概念、各类微生物的生物学特性、感染及抗感染免疫的机理、感染性疾病的诊断、预防和治疗原则。
针对五年制医学类本科生,着重介绍与人类疾病相关的各种病原微生物(以常见的病原性细菌和病毒为主)的形态结构、培养特性、生化反应、抗原构造、分类、抵抗力等各种生物学特性,致病机理及所致疾病,病原体的分离培养方法及鉴定原则,相关疾病的预防及治疗原则。
通过学习,使同学牢固树立“有菌观念”并掌握无菌操作的原则,学会保护自己,也为将来专业课的学习奠定良好的基础。
同时,针对七年制学生的特点,不仅讲述上述知识,而且结合目前临床感染的现状,向同学介绍新现和再现的病原微生物、有关细菌的耐药、微生态平衡与失调、医院内感染及肿瘤相关病毒的知识,以适应七年制教学的要求,拓展学生的视野,提高学生的科学研究能力,培养更高层次的学生。
大纲中的英文黑体字内容,要求掌握;其他内容要求熟悉.
MedicalMicrobiologyOutlinefor7and8Year’sStudents,aswellasBasicMedicineStudents
Introduction(1h)
一.Definition,ClassificationandCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms.
(一)Concept:
Akindofmicroorganismwhichissmallbodies,simplestructure,notvisiblebythenakedeyes,visibleusuallyonlywithlightmicroscopeorelectromicroscope.
(二)Classification:
1.Non-cellulartype:
Virus;2.Prokaryoticgroup;3.Eukaryoticgroup
(三)Characteristics.
二.RelationbetweenMicrobesandHuman.
BemorebeneficialthanharmfultoHuman.
三.Developmentalhistoryofmicrobiology
(一)Experientialperiodofmicrobiology
(二)Experimentalperiodofmicrobiology
1.Morphologicalperiod
2.Physiologicalperiod:
LouisPasteur;RobertKoch;Iwanovsky
(三)ModernMicrobiologicalperiod.
Chap.1BacterialBiologicalProperties(1.5h)
一.BacterialSizeandMorphology
(一)unitesofmeasurement:
μm(micronormicrometer);nm;
(二)Basicmorphology:
Coccus;Bacillus;Spirillarbacterium;(Vibrio;Spirillum;)
(三)Arrangementofbacteria
二.Basicstructureofbacteria
(一)CellWall
1.Function
2.Composition.
Maincomponent:
Peptidoglycan(i.e.mucopeptide)
(1)Backbone:
;
(2)Sidechain;.(3)(Gly)5peptidecross-bridge:
(4)CellWallComparisonbetweenGram+andGram-bacteria.
(5)LTypebacteria
(二)Cellmembrane;Cytoplasma;Nucleus;Mesosome,Chondroid
三.Specialstructuresofbacteria.
1.Capsule2.Flagellum3.PilusorFimbriae4.Spore
四.ExaminationandStaining:
Simplestaining:
;Complexstaining:
ProcedureofGram’sStain;PracticalSignificanceofGram’sstain:
BacterialPhysiology(2.5h)
一.ChemicalCompositionandPhysicalCharacteristicsofBacteria.(Self-learning)
二.GrowthandMutiplicationofbacteria
(一)Nutritionaltypesofbacteria
(二)Basicrequirmentofbacterialmutiplication
1.Nutriention:
water;carbonsource;nitrogensource;inorganicsalt;growthfactors
(Enzymes,Aminoacid…)
2.OptimalpH:
7.8-7.6,8.5-9forvibro;3.ProperTemperature:
4.Definitegaseous:
O2,CO2,N2
Anaerobicprinciplesofanaerobes
(1)Donotpossesscytochromeoxidasenorcytochrome.
(2)Donotpossesshydrogenperoxidase,catalaseandsuperoxidedismutase(SOD).
三.Methodsandspeedofbacteriagrowth.
Manner:
Simplebinaryfission
Speed:
onegeneration/15’-20’;onegeneration/20h.(T.b.)
Typicalgrowthcurveofbacteria.
1.Lagphase:
aperiodofadaptation;2.Logarithmicphase:
rapidgrowth
3.Stationalphase;4.Declinephase
四.Cultivationofbacteria
(一)Classificationofmedia
(二)Thephenomenonofbacterialgrowth
(三)SignificancesofProductsofmedicalimportance:
1.Pyrogen:
2.Exotoxins:
3.Endotoxins:
4.Antibiotics:
5.Bacteriocin:
6.Vitamin:
Chap2.Bacterialgeneticsandvariation(3h)
一.Bacterialvariation:
1.Morphologicalandstructurechange;2.Loseofvirulence;
3.Antibiotics-resistantvariation.;4.Colonialvariation.
二.Geneticbasisofbacteria
(一)Plasmid:
Ffactor;Rfactor;Colfactor.
(二)Bacteriophage
1.Propertiesofphage:
2.Relationbetweenhostcellandphage:
2.1Virulentphage;2.2Temperatephage(Lysogenicphage)
2.3Lysogenicstate:
Prophage;2.4Natureofthelysogenicbacteium.
3.Applicationofphage
(三)transposableelement(jumpinggenes)
三.MechanismofBacterialVariation.
(一)Mutation.(self-learning)
(二)Genetransferandrecombination.
1.Transformation:
TheNakedDNAderivefromonecellistakenupbyanotherrecipientandDNArecombinationcantakeplace.
2.Transduction
Genetransfermediatedbyabacteriophage.i.e.theDNAofonebacterialcellisintroducedintoanotherrecipientbybacteriophageinfection.
(1)Generalizedtransduction—anyofdonorgeneticinformationtransfertothechromosomeofrecipient
(2)Restrictedtransduction—Bacteriophagecanonlytransfercertaingenesfromthedonortorecipientcells.
3.LysogenicConversion:
SomebacteriaareinfectedbyatemperatephageandtheirDNArecombinatedtogetherandexpressed.
4.Conjugation:
Manybacteriacantransfergeneticinformation(chromosome,plasmid)throughcontactofthetwocellsbywayofsexpili
四.PracticalSignificanceofBacterialVariation
Diagnosis:
nontypicalstrain;Prevention:
vaccine;Clinicaltreatment.
Geneticengineering;Genethrapy.
Chap.3BacterialDrug-Resistance(3h)
1.Introduction
Antibioticresistancinhumanandanimal;mutipleantibioticresistance,mar
2.Mainmechanismsofantibioticresistanceformation
2.1GeneticMechanisms
PlasmidMediatedDrug-Resistance
Drug-resistancecouldbetransmittedbyconjugation.transformationandtransduction.
Transposon:
IS;Tn;Mu。
2.2Biochemicalmechanism
Targetsitemodification:
PBPs;DNAgyrase;gyrA,gyrBgenemutation..
modifiedenzyme:
β–lactamaseextended–spectrumβ–lactamase
aminoglycoside-modifiledenzymes
activeeffluxpump
Changeofpermeabilityofbacterialcellwall:
porin,OmpF;OmpC。
Biofilm
3.Commondrug-resistantbacteriainhospitalinfection
4.Preventionandtreatmentprinciples
Minimalinhibitoryconcentration,MIC;Minimalbactericidalconcentration,MBC
Chap.4Bacterialinfectionandpathogenesis(3h)
Normalfloraandopportunitists
一.Bacterialinfection
(一)infectioussources.
1.Exogenousinfection:
patients;carrier;animal.
2.Endogenousinfection
(二)infectioustypes
1.Inapparentinfection(subclinicalinfection)
2.Apparentinfection:
Toxemia;Septicemia;Bacteremia;Pyemia;Endotoxemia.
二.BacterialPathogenecity
Virulence:
InvasivenessorToxigenicity
Numberofbacterialentry:
Portalentry.
Bacterialvirulencefactors
LD50(LethalDose50)—thenumberofmicrobesthatmustbeadministeredtokill50%oftheanimals.
1.Bacterialrelatedstructures:
pili,LTA,.capsule,.microcapsule
2.InvasiveenzymeHyaluronidase,Coagulase:
3.Bacterialtoxin.:
Exotoxin;Endotoxin;
Differentiationofexotoxinandendotoxin
三.Pathogenicityofvirulentfactors:
Superantigen;Pathogenicityisland
Chap.5Generalpropertiesofviruses(3h)
一.Sizeandshape:
二.Structureandcomposition:
Necleocapsid=Nucleicacid+capsid
Virion=Nucleocapsid(Nakedvirus)
=Nucleocapsid+Envelope(envelopevirus)
三.Multiplication:
Replication;Replicativecycle—
1.Adsorptionandpenetration;
2.Uncoating:
;
3.Biosynthesis:
SSRNA+,SSRNA-,Retrovirus,……..
mRNAtranscription;Earlyproteintranslation;Nucleicacidreplication;
(Progency)mRNAtranscription;Lateproteintranslation.
4.Assembly,maturationandrelease.;releasebylysisorbudding
(二)GrowthCurveofvirus:
Eclipsephase;Logarithmicphase;celldeathphase.
(三)Interference
四.GeneticsandVariation
(一)Viralvariationtypes
(二)viralmoleculargenetics.
(三)practicesignificanceofviralvariation.
1.Researchinviralpathogenesis;2.Indiagnosis;3.Intreatment;
4.Inprevention;5.Ingeneticengineering..
五.Reactiontophysicalandchemicalagents
(一)Physicalfactors:
1.Temperature:
Resistanttocold—bestored-70℃;Susceptibletoheat
2.pH
(二)Chemicalfactors
六.Classificationofviruses
1.Usuallyaccordingtotransmissionroutes;
2.Subvirus:
①satellitesvirus(virusoid拟病毒);
②viroid类病毒;③prion朊粒.
Chap.6ViralInfectionandPathogenesis(3h)
一.Infection
1.TransmissionandEntrance
(1)Horizontaltransmission(betweenindividuals):
(2)Verticaltransmission(mothertobaby)
2.Spreadingwithinthehost
二.Viralinfectiousforms:
(一)Inapparentviralinfection(subclinicalinfection)
(二)Apparentinfection(Dominantinfection)
三.ViralPathogenesis:
(一)Effectonhostcell
1.Cytocidaleffect;2.Steadystateinfection.Cellmembraneeffect;
3.Cellapoptosis;4.Integration;5.Celltransformation;
6.Inclusionbodyformation(Negribody).
(二)Effectonhost
1.Directdamage.Polio.vmotorneuron
2.ImmunopathologyInflammation
(TypeII、III、IVhypersensitivity)
3.Directeffectonimmunesystem
Chap.7Fungi(2h)
一.Characteristics:
Eucaryotic,including
Unicellular——yeasts.yeast-likeorganism,cryptococcusneoformans
Multicellular——molds:
hyphaespores
Sabouraud’smedium
二.Classificationanddisease
1.Dermatophytes,causingsuperficialmycoses(skin,hair,nail).
2.Causingopportunisticmycoses
(1)Candidaalbicans:
(2)Cryptococcusneoformans
3.Causingallergy;4.CausingMycocoxicosis;5.CausingCancer-relateddisease.
三.Detection:
1.directobservedbymicroscope:
hair;2.Culture:
3.Animalinoculation:
cryptococcusneoformans.
Chap.8Chlamydia(3h)
C.trachomatis.
1.bothDNA+RNA.Binaryfission.
2.intracellularmultiplication.
Elementalybody——hasinfectivity.
Initialbody——Noinfectious.
Mycoplasma
1.procaryotic.smallest(0.2~0.3um)free-livingmicroorganisms,nocellwall,highlypleomorphic,canpassthroughfiltresthatretainmostbacteria.
2.Coloniesminute(<0.2mm),showa“fried-eggappearance”
3.Existinmouth,respiratoryand
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