汽车转向系统中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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汽车转向系统中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx
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汽车转向系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译
Spincontrolforcars
Stabilitycontrolsystemsarethelatestinastringoftechnologiesfocusingonimproveddirivingsafety.Suchsystemsdetecttheinitialphasesofaskidandrestoredirectionalcontrolin40milliseconds,seventimesfasterthanthereactiontimeoftheaveragehuman.Theycorrectvehiclepathsbyadjustingenginetorqueorapplyingtheleft-or-right-sidebrakes,orboth,asneeded.ThetechnologyhasalreadybeenappliedtotheMercedes-BenzS600coupe.
Automaticstabilitysystemscandetecttheonsetofaskidandbringafishtailingvehiclebackoncourseevenbeforeitsdrivercanreact.
Safetyglass,seatbelts,crumplezones,airbags,antilockbrakes,tractioncontrol,andnowstabilitycontrol.Thecontinuingprogressionofsafetysystemsforcarshasyieldedyetanotherdevicedesignedtokeepoccupantsfrominjury.Stabilitycontrolsystemshelpdriversrecoverfromuncontrolledskidsincurves,thusavoidingspinoutsandaccidents.
Usingcomputersandanarrayofsensors,astabilitycontrolsystemdetectstheonsetofaskidandrestoresdirectionalcontrolmorequicklythanahumandrivercan.Everymicrosecond,thesystemtakesa"snapshot,"calculatingwhetheracarisgoingexactlyinthedirectionitisbeingsteered.Ifthereistheslightestdifferencebetweenwherethedriverissteeringandwherethevehicleisgoing,thesystemcorrectsitspathinasplit-secondbyadjustingenginetorqueand/orapplyingthecat'sleft-orright-sidebrakesasneeded.Typicalreactiontimeis40milliseconds-seventimesfasterthanthatoftheaveragehuman.
Astabilitycontrolsystemsensesthedriver'sdesiredmotionfromthesteeringangle,theacceleratorpedalposition,andthebrakepressurewhiledeterminingthevehicle'sactualmotionfromtheyawrate(vehiclerotationaboutitsverticalaxis)andlateralacceleration,explainedAntonvanZanten,projectleaderoftheRobertBoschengineeringteam.VanZanten'sgroupandateamofengineersfromMercedes-Benz,ledbyprojectmanagerArminMuller,developedthefirstfullyeffectivestabilitycontrolsystem,whichregulatesenginetorqueandwheelbrakepressuresusingtractioncontrolcomponentstominimizethedifferencebetweenthedesiredandactualmotion.
Automotivesafetyexpertsbelievethatstabilitycontrolsystemswillreducethenumberofaccidents,oratleasttheseverityofdamage.Safetystatisticssaythatmostofthedeadlyaccidentsinwhichasinglecarspinsout(accountingforfourpercentofalldeadlycollisions)couldbeavoidedusingthenewtechnology.Theadditionalcostofthenewsystemsareontheorderoftheincreasinglypopularantilockbrake/tractioncontrolunitsnowavailableforcars.
ThedebutofstabilitycontroltechnologytookplaceinEuropeontheMercedes-BenzS600coupethisspring.DevelopedjointlyduringthepastfewyearsbyRobertBoschGmbHandMercedes-BenzAG,bothofStuttgart,Germany,VehicleDynamicsControl(VDC).inBoschterminology,ortheElectronicStabilityProgram(ESP),asMercedescallsit,maintainsvehiclestabilityinmostdrivingsituations.Boschdevelopedthesystem,andMercedes-Benzintegrateditintothevehicle.Mercedesengineersusedthestate-of-the-artDaimler-Benzvirtual-realitydrivingsimulatorinBerlintoevaluatethesystemunderextremeconditions,suchasstrongcrosswinds.TheythenputthesystemthroughitspacesontheslickiceofLakeHornavannearArjeplog,Sweden.Workiscurrentlyunderwaytoadaptthetechnologytobusesandlargetrucks,toavoidjack-knifing,forexample.
Stabilitycontrolsystemswillfirstappearinmid-1995onsomeEuropeanS-ClassmodelsandwillreachtheU.S.marketduringthe1996modelyear(November1995introduction).Itwillbeavailableasa$750optiononMercedesmodelswithV8engines,andthefollowingyearitwillbea$2400optiononsix-cylinder鉣俕嶏핤딿냷€$1650ofthelatterpriceisforthetractioncontrolsystem,aprerequisiteforstabilitycontrol.
Boschisnotaloneindevelopingsuchasafetysystem.ITTAutomotiveofAuburnHills,Mich.,introduceditsAutomotiveStabilityManagementSystem(ASMS)inJanuaryatthe1995NorthAmericanInternationalAutoShowinDetroit."ASMSisaquantumleapintheevolutionofantilockbrakesystems,combiningthebestattributesofABSandtractioncontrolintoatotalvehicledynamicsmanagementsystem,"saidTimothyD.Leuliette,ITTAutomotive'spresidentandchiefexecutiveofficer.
"ASMSmonitorswhatthevehiclecontrolsindicateshouldbehappening,comparesthattowhatisactuallyhappening,thenworkstocompensateforthedifference,"saidJohannesGraber,ASMSprogrammanageratITTAutomotiveEurope.ITT'ssystemshouldbeginappearingonvehiclesworldwideneartheendofthedecade,accordingtoTomMathues,directorofengineeringofBrake&ChassisSystemsatITTAutomotiveNorthAmerica.Companyengineersarenowadaptingthesystemtospecificcarmodelsfromsixoriginalequipmentmanufacturers.
Aless-sophisticatedandless-effectiveBoschstabilitycontrolsystemalreadyappearsonthe1995750iLand850CiV-12modelsfromMunich-basedBMWAG.TheBMWDynamicStabilityControl(DSC)systemusesthesamewheel-speedsensorsastractioncontrolandstandardanti-lockbrake(ABS)systemstorecognizeconditionsthatcandestabilizeavehicleincurvesandcorners.Todetectsuchpotentiallydangerouscorneringsituations,DSCmeasuresdifferencesinrotationalspeedbetweenthetwofrontwheels.TheDSCsystemalsoaddsasensorforsteeringangle,Utilizesanexistingoneforvehiclevelocity,andintroducesitsownsoftwarecontrolelementsintheoverallantilock-brake/traction-control/stability-controlsystem.
ThenewBoschandITTAutomotivestabilitycontrolsystemsbenefitfromadvancedtechnologydevelopedfortheaerospaceindustry.Justasinasupersonicfighter,theautomotivestabilitycontrolunitsuseasensor-basedcomputersystemtomediatebetweenthehumancontrollerandtheenvironment-inthiscase,theinterfacebetweentireandroad.Inaddition,thesystemisbuiltaroundagyroscopelikesensordesignusedformissileguidance.
BEYONDABSANDTRACTIONCONTROL
StabilitycontrolisthelogicalextensionofABSandtractioncontrol,accordingtoaSocietyofAutomotiveEngineerspaperwrittenbyvanZantenandBoschcolleaguesRainerErhardtandGeorgPfaff.WhereasABSinterveneswhenwheellockisimminentduringbraking,andtractioncontrolpreventswheelslippagewhenaccelerating,stabilitycontroloperatesindependentlyofthedriver'sactionsevenwhenthecarisfree-rolling.Dependingontheparticulardrivingsituation,thesystemmayactivateanindividualwheelbrakeoranycombinationofthefourandadjustenginetorque,stabilizingthecarandseverelyreducingthedangerofanuncontrolledskid.Thenewsystemscontrolthemotionnotonlyduringfullbrakingbutalsoduringpartialbraking,coasting,acceleration,andenginedragonthedrivenwheels,circumstanceswellbeyondwhatABSandtractioncontrolcanhandle.
Theideabehindthethreeactivesafetysystemsisthesame:
Onewheellockingorslippingsignificantlydecreasesdirectionalstabilityormakessteeringavehiclemoredifficult.Ifacarmustbrakeonalow-frictionsurface,lockingitswheelsshouldbeavoidedtomaintainstabilityandsteerability.
WhereasABSandtractioncontrolpreventundesiredlongitudinalslip,stabilitycontrolreduceslossoflateralstability.Ifthelateralforcesofamovingvehiclearenolongeradequateatoneormorewheels,thevehiclemaylosestability,particularlyincurves.Whatthedriveɲ逾半쀹ᾩ쏪ꖘﲢ끣 "fishtailing"isprimarilyaturningorspinningaroundthevehicle'saxis.Aseparatesensormustrecognizethisspinning,becauseunlikeABSandtractioncontrol,acar'slateralmovementcannotbecalculatedfromitswheelspeeds.
SPINHANDLERS
Thenewsystemsmeasureanytendencytowardundersteer(whenacarrespondsslowlytosteeringchanges),orover-steer(whentherearwheelstrytoswingaround).Ifacarundersteersandswervesoffcoursewhendriveninacurve,thestabilitycontrolsystemwillcorrecttheerrorbybrakingtheinner(withrespecttothecurve)rearwheel.Thisenablesthedriver,asinthecaseofABS,toapproachthelockinglimitoftheroad-tireinterfacewithoutlosingcontrolofthevehicle.Thestabilitycontrolsystemmayreducethevehicle'sdrivemomentumbythrottlingbacktheengineand/orbybrakingonindividualwheels.Conversely,ifthehteralstabilizingforceontherearaxleisinsufficient,thedangerofoversteeringmayresultinrear-endbreakawayorspin-out.Here,thesystemactsasastabilizerbyapplyingtheouter-frontwheelbrake.
Theinfluenceofsideslipangleonmaneuverability,theBoschresearchersexplained,showsthatthesensitivityoftheyawmomentonthevehicle,withrespecttochangesinthesteeringangle,decreasesrapidlyastheslipangleofthevehicleincreases.Oncetheslipanglegrowsbeyondacertainlimit,thedriverhasamuchhardertimerecoveringbysteering.Ondrysurfaces,maneuverabilityislostatslip-anglevalueslargerthanapproximately10degrees,andonpackedsnowatapproximately4degrees.
Mostdrivershavelittleexperiencerecoveringfromskids.Theyaren'tawareofthecoefficientoffrictionbetweenthetiresandtheroadandhavenoideaoftheirvehicle'slateralstabilitymargin.Whenthelimitofadhesionisreached,thedriverisusuallycaughtbysurpriseandveryoftenreactsinthewrongway,steeringtoomuch.Oversteering,ITT'sGraberexplained,causesthecartofishtail,throwingthevehicleevenfurtheroutofcontrol.ASMSsensors,hesaid,canquicklydetectthebeginningofaskidandmome
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