后现代主义.docx
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后现代主义.docx
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后现代主义
Postmodernism
Somerelatedterms:
Postmodern/Postmodernity/Postmodernism
Postmodern:
Withinthehistorical(orhistorical-sociological)context,theadjective“postmodern”describestheperiodwhichfollowsmodernity,inmuchofthesamewaythatmodernityfollowedtheMiddleAges.Inaphilosophicalcontext,theadjective“postmodern”designatesanattitudeofcritiqueoftraditionalvaluesandideologies,anditalsodescribestheRenaissanceofepistemological(认识论的)doubtsandcritique.
Postmodernity:
ThetermfirstcoinedbyBritishhistorianToynbee.Postmodernityisthestateorconditionofbeingpostmodernafterorinreactiontothatwhichismodern.Postmodernitycanmeanapersonalresponsetoapostmodernsociety,theconditionsinasocietywhichmakeitpostmodernorthestateofbeingthatisassociatedwithapostmodernsociety.
Modernity:
ModernityisdefinedasaperiodorconditionlooselyidentifiedwiththeProgressiveEra,theIndustrialRevolution,ortheEnlightenment.Someauthors,suchasLyotardandBaudrillard,believethatmodernityendedinthelate20thcenturyandthushavedefinedaperiodsubsequenttomodernity,namelypostmodernity,whileothers,suchasBaumanandGiddens,wouldextendmodernitytocoverthedevelopmentsdenotedbypostmodernity.OthersstillcontendthatmodernityendedwiththeVictorianAgeinthe1900s.
Baudrillard:
Earlymodernity:
RenaissancetoIndustrialRevolution
Modernity:
IndustrialRevolution
Postmodernity:
Periodofmassmedia
Postmodernism
“alate20thcenturystyleandconceptinthearts,architecture,andcriticismthatrepresentsadeparturefrommodernismandhasatitsheartageneraldistrustofgrandtheoriesandideologiesaswellasaproblematicrelationshipwithanynotionof‘art’.”
Postmodernismisatermthatencompassesawide-rangeofdevelopmentsinphilosophy,film,architecture,art,literature,andculture.Originallyareactiontomodernism,referringtothelackofartistic,intellectual,orculturalthoughtororganizedprinciple.Startedaround1940s,exactdateisunknown,peakedaroundthe1960sand1970swiththereleaseofCatch22andSlaughterhouseFive.Doesnotmournlossofhistory,self,religion,center/Reactiontomodernism;systematicskepticism/Anti-foundational.
Postmodernism:
•NoAbsoluteTruth/onlyMYtruth
•NoPast,noFuture/onlyNOW
•NoUnderlyingMeaningorPurpose/onlyMYMeaningandPurpose
FrederickJameson
Modernismandpostmodernismareculturalformationsthataccompanyspecificstagesofcapitalism
1.Marketcapitalism:
18th-19thC.
SteamlocomotiveRealism
2.Monopolycapitalism:
Late19thCtoWWII
ElectricityandautomobileModernism
3.Multinational/consumercapitalism
NuclearandelectronicsPostmodernism
Modernismvs.Postmodernism
Itcontinuedthefundamentalphilosophicalassumptionsofmodernism,continueditstendencytowardhistoricaldiscontinuity,continueditspreoccupationwithalienation,continuedtofocusonasocialindividualism.
Influences/Associations
WorldWarII/Vietnam/Drugculture/Popularmusic/popularculture/Post-wardevelopments/TheColdWar/Counterculture/FreeSpeechMovement/TheCivilRightsMovement/TheWomen’sRightsMovement/Multiculturalism
HistoryJamesonthoughtthatanimportantfactorinthearrivalofpostmodernismwastheupheavalsofthe1960’s,whentheassumedtruthsofthetimewherebroughtintoquestionandvariousexperimentsin“offensive”lifestylesandoutlooksbecameprominent.Forexample,theminoritiesandpeopleinthethirdworldcountriestookupnewidentitiesonthesidelinesofdominatecountries.
GLOBALIZATIONitreferstotheworldwideexchangesbroughtaboutbymoderncommunicationandinfrastructure.Itdescribeshowhumanbeingsarebecomingmoreintertwined.
Consumerism
Thefeaturesofculturethathavecontributedtopostmodernismincludeconsumerism,thefragmentationofauthority,andthecommoditizationofknowledge.Consumerismisatermusedtodescribetheeffectsofequatingpersonalhappinesswithpurchasingmaterialpossessionsandconsumption.Inanabstractsense,consumerismreferstothebeliefthatthefreechoiceofconsumersshoulddictatetheeconomicstructureofasociety.
Sinceconsumerismbegan,variousindividualsandgroupshaveconsciouslysoughtanalternativelifestylethroughsimpleliving.Whileconsumerismisnotanewphenomenon,ithasonlybecomewidespreadinthe20thcenturyandparticularlyinrecentdecades,undertheinfluenceofcapitalismandglobalization.Aculturethatispermeatedbyconsumerismcanbereferredtoasaconsumerculture."OvercomingConsumerism"isagrowingphilosophy.Itisatermthatembodiestheactiveresistancetoconsumerism.Anti-consumeriststendtobelievethatconsumerismisanartificialcreationsustainedbyartificialsocialpressures,whilelibertarianstendtobelievethatconsumerismisnaturalandtheonlywaytoeliminateitisthroughartificialsocialpressures.
Postmodernism:
BasicConcepts
Rejectionofallmasternarratives/All“truths”arecontingentculturalconstructs/Skepticismofprogress;anti-technologybias/Senseoffragmentationandde-centeredself/Multipleconflictingidentities/Mass-mediatedreality/AllversionsofrealityareSOCIALCONSTRUCTS/Conceptsofgoodandevil/MetaphorsforGod/Language/Theself/Gender/EVERYTHING!
Languageisasocialconstructthat“speaks”&identifiesthesubject
Knowledgeiscontingent,contextualandlinkedtoPOWER
Truthispluralistic,dependentupontheframeofreferenceoftheobserver
Valuesarederivedfromordinarysocialpractices,whichdifferfromculturetocultureandchangewithtime./Valuesaredeterminedbymanipulationanddomination
PostmodernViewofLanguage
Languageisconditionedbyculturalperspectiveandmediatedbysymbolsandpractice/Observerisaparticipant/partofwhatisobserved/Receiverofmessageisacomponentofthemessage/Informationbecomesinformationonlywhencontextualized/Theindividual(thesubject)isaculturalconstruct/Considerroleofownculturewhenexaminingothers/Allinterpretation
IhabHassan:
Modernismvs.Postmodernism
Romanticism/symbolism///paraphysics/Dadaism
Form(conjunctive,closed)///antiform(disjunctive,open)
Purpose/play
Design/chance
Hierarchy/anarchy
Centering///absence
Genre/boundary///text/intertext
Semantics///rhetoric
Metaphor///metonymy(转喻)
Root/depth///rhizome/surface
Signified///signifier
Mastery/logos///exhaustion/silence
Artobject/finishedwork/logos///process/performance/antithesis
Narrative/grandehistoire///anti-narrative/petitehistoire
Genital/phallic///polymorphous/androgynous
Modernistliterature
“Thingsfallapart,
Thecentrecannothold,
Mereanarchyisloosedupontheworld.”
--Yeats,“TheSecondComing”
Emphasisonimpressionismandsubjectivity
Movementawayfrom“objective”third-partynarration
Tendencytowardreflexivityandself-consciousness
Obsessionwiththepsychologyofself
Rejectionoftraditionalaesthetictheories
Experimentationwithlanguage
Postmodernistliterature
It’susedtodescribethedifferentaspectsofpostWW2literature.Thereisnotaclearanddefineddefinitionofpostmodernismbecauseofthelittleagreementoftheconceptsandcharacteristicsandideaswithinpostmodernism.
Extremefreedomofformandexpression
Repudiationofboundariesofnarration&genre
Intrusive,self-reflexiveauthor/Parodiesofmeta-narratives
Deliberateviolationofstandardsofsenseanddecency(whichareviewedasmethodsofsocialcontrol)
Integrationofeverydayexperience,popculture
Parody,play,blackhumor,pastiche
Nonlinear,fragmentednarratives
Ambiguitiesanduncertainties/Conspiracyandparanoia
Ironicdetachment/Linguisticinnovations
Postcolonial,global-Englishliterature
PostmodernLiterature:
CommonThemes
Irony,playfulness,blackhumor
-LindaHutcheonclaimedpostmodernfictionasawholecouldbecharacterizedbytheironicquotemarks,whichmuchofitcanbetakenastongue-in-cheek.Thisirony,blackhumorandthegeneralconceptof"play”,areamongthemostrecognizableaspectsofpostmodernism.Thoughtheideaofemployingtheseinliteraturedidnotstartwiththepostmodernists(themodernistswereoftenplayfulandironic),theybecamecentralfeaturesinmanypostmodernworks.
Postmodernnovelistslabeledblackhumorists:
JohnBarth,JosephHeller,WilliamGaddis,KurtVonnegut,BruceJayFriedman.Example:
TheCryingLotof49,Pynchonuseschildishwordplaywhilediscussingserioussubjects.Anexampleofhiswordplaycanbefoundinthenamesofhischaracters:
MikeFallopian,StanleyKoteks,MuchoMaas,andDr.Hilarius.
PostmodernLiterature:
CommonThemes---Paranoia
Thebeliefthatthereissomethingoutoftheordinary,whileeverythingremainsthesame.Example:
InKurtVonnegut’snovel,BreakfastofChampions,acharacterbecomesviolentwhenheimagineseveryoneelseasarobotandheistheonlyhuman.
PostmodernLiterature:
CommonThemes---Metafiction
Metafictionisessentiallywritingaboutwritingor"foregroundingtheapparatus",makingtheartificialityofartorthefictionoffictionapparenttothereaderandgenerallydisregardsthenecessityfor"willfulsuspensionofdisbelief".Itisoftenemployedtounderminetheauthorityoftheauthor,forunexpectednarrativeshifts,toadvanceastoryinauniqueway,foremotionaldistance,ortocommentontheactofstorytelling.Aworkoffictionthatis“awareofitself”
Postmodernauthorscreatedeliberateruptures,gaps,andironiesthatremindthereaderthatawriterispresent.Thewriterdoesnotdisappearbutispartofthework.Forexample,ItaloCalvino's1979novelIfonawinter'snightatravelerisaboutareaderattemptingtoreadanovelofthes
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