The Literature of Realism现实主义.docx
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The Literature of Realism现实主义.docx
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TheLiteratureofRealism现实主义
TheLiteratureofRealism现实主义
Realism
◆RealismhadoriginatedinFranceasréalisme,aliterarydoctrinethatcalledfor“realityandtruth”inthedepictionofordinarylife.
◆Broadlydefinedas"thefaithfulrepresentation真实表示ofreality",basedonthedogma教条of"objectivereality客观现实",andwasfocusedonshowingeveryday,quotidianactivitiesandlife,primarilyamongthemiddleorlowerclasssociety,withoutromanticidealizationordramatization
◆Realismis,inthebroadestsense,simplyfidelitytoactualityinitsrepresentationinliterature......
◆limitedtothemovementwhicharoseinthenineteenthcentury,atleastpartiallyinreactionagainstRomanticism,whichwascenteredinthenovel,andwhichwasdominantinFrance,England,andAmericafromroughlymid-centurytotheclosingdecade,whenitwasreplacedbyNaturalism.
AmericanRealism(1865-1918)
Backgrounds
1TheCivilWar(1861-1865)
adeterioration(恶化)ofAmericanmoralvalues
2Increasingindustrializationandmechanization
extremesofwealthandpoverty
3Thefrontierwasabouttoclose.
peoplebegantofeelasenseofsufferingandunhappiness
4InfluencedbyEuropeanliterature
TheGildedAge(镀金时代)
◆MarkTwaincalledthelate19thcenturythe"GildedAge."
◆Theperiodwasglitteringonthesurfacebutcorruptunderneath.
◆“anageofexcessandextremes”--ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.
AmericanRealism
◆RealismfirstappearedinAmericaintheliteratureoflocalcolor本土特色,andanamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingsimmediatelyobservable:
thedialects方言,customs,sights,andsoundsofregionalAmerica.
◆Somerepresentativelocalcoloristsinclude:
BretHarte(1836—1902),thefirstAmericanwriteroflocalcolortoachievewidepopularity.
HarrietBeecherStowe,UncleTom'sCabin
KateChopin,TheAwakening
MarkTwain
WilliamDeanHowells(1837-1920)
◆thearbiter(仲裁者)ofAmericanRealism
◆Hedefinedrealismas“nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial”
◆subjectmatter:
theexperiencesoftheAmericanmiddleclass
◆hisworks:
TheRiseofSilasLapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆的发迹
AmericanRealismhasitssalient特色的features:
◆Verisimilitude(逼真)ofdetailsderivedfromobservation
◆representativeinplot,settingandcharacter
◆anobjectiveratherthananidealizedviewofhumanexperience
TheschoolsofAmericanrealism
◆FrontierHumor边界
◆MiddlewesternRealism
◆CosmopolitanNovelists世界性小说HenryJames
◆Regionalism(localcolorism)
◆Naturalism自然主义代替现实主义
FrontierHumor
Itisthevitalandexuberant丰富的literaturethatwasgeneratedbythewestwardexpansion西进运动oftheUnitedStatesinthelate18thandthe19thcenturies.
Thespontaneity自发性,senseoffun,exaggeration夸张,fierce凶猛的individuality,andirreverence不敬行为fortraditionalEasternvaluesinfrontierhumorreflecttheoptimisticspiritofpre-CivilWarAmerica.
Frontierhumorappearsmainlyintalltalesofexaggeratedfeatsofstrength,roughpracticaljokes(especiallyonsophisticatedEasternersandgreenhorns),andtalesofencounterswithpanthers,bears,andsnakes.Thesetalesarefilledwithrough,homelywisdom.
MiddlewesternRealism
◆ItjustreferstoWilliamDeanHowells’srealismbecausehecamefromtheAmericanMidwestandcarefullyinterweaved交织thelifeandemotionsofordinarymiddle-classthereinhisworks.
◆Alsobecausehewasthechampionoftherealism,havinghelpedtopublishmanyrealisticlocalcolorwritingsbyBretHarte,MarkTwain,andothers.
CosmopolitanNovelists(世界小说)
◆HenryJames’sfamerestedlargelyuponhishandlingofhismajorfictionaltheme,theinternationaltheme,thatisthemeetingofAmericanandEurope,Americaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.Sohewascalledthecosmopolitannovelist.
HenryJames:
fatherofpsychologicalrealism心理描写(1843-1916)
1.Briefaccountofhislife:
1)HewasbornintoawealthyculturedfamilyofNewEngland.Hisfatherwasaneminentphilosopherandreformer,andhisbrother,WilliamJames,wastobethefamousphilosopherandpsychologist.
2)MostofhislifehesettleddowninEuropeexceptforsomevisitstoAmerica.In1915hebecamethenaturalizedBritishcitizen.Hewasnotmarriedbutoncelovedhisattractivecousinwhodiedyoung.
3)Avoluminouswriter,hewasinfluencedbysomeEnglish,EuropeanandAmericanwriters.OneAmericanauthorwhoexertedameasureofinfluenceonJamesisHawthornewhoseinsightintothehumanpsycheimpressedtheyoungerwriterdeeply.
2.Hiscreativelife
ØThefirstperiod(1865-1882).TheworksinthisperiodrevealJames’fascinationwithhis“internationaltheme”:
HowAmericansbehaveinaninternationalsetting.
Europeans/Americans
InnocencevsExperience
James’attitudetowardsEuropeanculture:
decadence,heritage.
•TheAmerican(1877)
•TheEuropeans(1878)
•DaisyMiller(1878)
•ThePortraitofaLady(1881)
•WashingtonSquare(1881)
Intheseearlyworks,Jamesexperimentswiththelimitedpointofview,andfocusesonthe“complexinnerlivesofhisAmericancharacters”whichare“fullyandrealisticallyprojected”
ØThesecondperiod(1882-1895).Duringthistimehefocusesontalesandplays,butmostofthemproveafailure.
•Novelsinthenaturalisticmode:
•TheBostonians,1886波士顿人
•Turningtothreedominantsubjects:
Troubledwritersandartists
Ghostsandapparitions,
Doomedorthreatenedchildrenandadolescents
•TheFigureintheCarpet,1896地毯上的图案
•WhatMazieKnew,1897梅瑟所知道的
•TheTurnoftheScrew,1898螺丝在拧紧
•TheBeastintheJungle,1903丛林猛兽
ØThelastone(1895-1909)
•Returningtointernationalthemes
•Novelscomplexandprofound
•TheWingsoftheDove,1902鸽翼
•TheAmbassadors,1903奉使记
•TheGoldenBowl,1904镀金碗
•Richnessofsyntax,characterization,pointofview,symbolicromance,metaphorictexture,andorganizingrhythms.
•famousfortheirintricate,densenarrativeand“focusonthewayinwhichpeoplemaketheirownrealitiesthroughtheirperceptionsandimpressions”.
3.Hisliterary-aestheticideas(seehisTheArtofFiction)
1)Artmustberelatedtolife.Itmustbelifetransformedandchangedsothattheartformwouldgivethetruthfulimpressionofactuality.
2)Thoughcloselyrelatedtolife,artisimportantinitsownway.Itisartthatmakeslife,makesinterest,makesimportance.
3)Hewasconcernedwithpointofviewwhichisatthecenterofhisaestheticofthenovel.
4.Hispolitical-socialideasandattitudes:
1)Thespokesmanofthewealthy.
2)Beconservativetowardoverzealousreformers(thesimilarwayofHawthorne)
3)ButhewascriticalofU.S.imperialistbehaviorandAmerican’sobsessionwithbusiness,itsextremesofwealthandpoverty,itslackofcultureandsophistication.
4)LikeHawthorne,Jamesregardedevilasessentiallyofinwardcauseandcure,advocatedfreewilledrenunciationofthelowormean,andrepeatedlyemphasizedmagnanimityandthebeautyofgoodness.
TheoryofFiction:
TheArtofFiction,1884
☐Thenovelistmustbefaithfultolifeasitactuallyappears.
☐Theremustbefreedomfortheartisttochoosewhatsubjectshewilldealwith.
☐Thenovelmustberegardedasanorganicwholewitheverypartofafunctioningcontributortotheachievingofthenovel’sultimateexpression.Theauthormustremainoutside—theself-containmentofart.
☐Dramatization编剧:
showingratherthantelling
☐Centralconsciousnessthroughwhomeventsareobserved.Omniscient/limitedPOV
☐Psychologicalrealism:
thefirstofthemodernpsychologicalnovelists,arealistoftheinnerlife
☐Ambiguity
AboutPointofView
☐The“centerofconsciousness”
☐LimitedPOV,presentingthestorythroughthefilterofasinglecharacterorasuccessionofcharacters.
☐Hearguesforcharactersofgreatsensitivityashiscentersofconsciousness,sincethemoretheyperceiveoflifethemorethereaderperceives.
AboutFiction
☐Fictionisaseriousartform—notapastimenoragameinwhichthereaderindulgeshisdaydreams—butan“imitationoflife”.Itdealswiththelargertruthsofhumanexistencethatcomprisethepatternbehindthefact.
☐Twoqualitiesoffiction:
☐Fictionshouldbemadeofexperienceintenselyperceived(eitherfromlifeorfromimagination)
☐Fictionshouldbeinteresting.
☐Theartiststoriesarenotmerelyartiststories;theinternationalworksarenotmerelyinternationalconflicts.Inbothgroups,inotherssuchastheghostlytales,andinstillotherstoriesnoteasilyclassified,onefindsrealpeopleplayingoutrealdramasofloneliness,suffering,andbetrayal.
Themes
☐Art
☐TheclashbetweentheoldEuropeanworldandthenewAmericanworld(“internationaltheme)
☐ConflictbetweenmoreorlessingenuousAmericansandsophisticatedEuropeans
☐AmericangoodandEuropeanevil
☐InnocentyoungAmericanbumpingintooldenrichedculturewhichisdegenerate
☐Buthislaterworksshowagreatawarenessofcomplexity.
James’placeinAmericanLiterature
☐Bridgingthe19thand20thc.
☐ConnectingAmericaandEurope.
☐Apioneerinpsychologicalrealism
☐A“mastercraftsman”
☐Criticizedbysomebecauseofhisfocusontheelite(Jamesdealslargelywiththemoralandsocialproblemsofmiddle-andupper-classsociety.)
☐Alongwiththeincreasingcomplexityofhisstyle,hishypersensitivenarrators,orprotagonists,havingalienatedJamesfromthecommonreader,asJameshimselfrealized.
Regionalism(localcolorism)地方
◆LocalColorismasatrendbecamedominateinAmericanliteratureinthelate1860sandearly1870s.ItisavariationofAmericanliteraturerealism.Generally,thewriting
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