《英语写作基础教程》讲义.docx
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《英语写作基础教程》讲义.docx
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《英语写作基础教程》讲义
《英语写作基础教程》讲义
Chapter1UsingProperWords
Choiceofwords
buildupalargevocabulary
therecognitionvocabulary
theactivevocabulary
2.Approachestothebuildingupavocabulary
Learningwordsfromaword-listorfromadictionary.
(2)Learningwordsfromspeechandwriting(context)
E.g.Kill
Hekilledtheman.
Hekilledthedog.
Theykilledtheproposal.
Pleasekilltheengine.
Sheisdressedtokill.
Youarekillingme.
Shekilledherchildwithkindness.
Hetookasnacktokillhishungry.
Hekilledeverydayatthepark.
Hekilledhimselfwithoverwork
Hekilledthespiritofthegroup.
Thenewskilledtheirhope.
Theseflowerskilleasily.
HekilledthreebottleofWhiskyinaweek.
Killone’sappetite
Killpeace
Killthemood
Killmarriage
II.Usingwordscorrectly
1.overcomeChinglish
2.Bewareofarchaisms,obsoletewords,anachronismsandnewly-coinedwords
Wordsormeaningofwordswhicharenolongerincommonusedbutoccurinspecialtext(e.g.Religiousworks)andpoetryarecalledarchaic.
Wordsormeaningwhichhavegoneoutofusealtogetherarecalledobsolete.
Wordsthatareinappropriateforthetimeaboutwhichoneiswritingarecalledanachronisms
3.Avoidslang
Chapter2MakeCorrectandEffectiveSentences
1.Basicelementsofasentence
2.whatisasentence?
3.TypicalEnglishsentencepattern:
Subject+predicate
II. CharacteristicsofanEffectiveSentence
[1]Correctness
1.Sentencefragment
Agrammaticallycompletesentencehasaverbwithitssubject.Structurallyitmustbeaindependentunit,capableofstandingalone.Fragmentsareincompletesentences.Usually,fragmentsarepiecesofsentencesthathavebecomedisconnectedfromthemainclause,suchasphraseclause,appositivesandothersuchgroupofwords,whenanyofthemiswrittenandpunctuatedasasentence,itiscalledsentencefragment.Belowaresomeexampleswiththefragments:
Fragment(phraseordependentclause)
PossibleRevision
Purdueoffersmanymajorsinengineering.Suchaselectrical,chemical,andindustrialengineering.
Purdueoffersmanymajorsinengineering,suchaselectrical,chemical,andindustrialengineering.
CoachDietzexemplifiedthisbehaviorbywalkingoffthefieldinthemiddleofagame.Leavingherteamatatimewhenweneededher.
CoachDietzexemplifiedthisbehaviorbywalkingoffthefieldinthemiddleofagame,leavingherteamatatimewhenweneededher.
Ineedtofindanewroommate.BecausetheoneIhavenowisn'tworkingouttoowell.
IneedtofindanewroommatebecausetheoneIhavenowisn'tworkingouttoowell.
Thecurrentcitypolicyonhousingisincompleteasitstands.Whichiswhywebelievetheproposedamendmentsshouldbepassed.
Becausethecurrentcitypolicyonhousingisincompleteasitstands,webelievetheproposedammendmentsshouldbepassed.
Fragment-likesentences
Asexclamations
oh!
Nonsense!
Welldone!
Whataday!
Whatapity!
Howkindofyou!
GeorgeinBeijing?
Susanasinger?
Indialogue
A:
howaboutthis?
B:
verygood!
A:
yournameandyouraddress,please.
B:
allright,here
1.A:
whereto?
2.B:
thisway,please.
3.A:
whatthen?
4.B:
nothing.
Astransitions
Andafinalinstance
Toreturnfromourdigression
Now,afewmorewordsaboutthemeetingtoday.
1.Run-onsentence
Arun-onsentenceconsistsoftwoormoremainclausesthatareruntogetherwithoutproperpunctuation.Sometimesevensentenceswhicharetechnicallycorrectareeasiertoreadiftheyaremadeintoshortersentences.Weoftenspeakinrun-onsentences,butwemakepausesandchangeourtonesopeoplecanunderstandus.Butwhenwewrite,noonecanhearus,sosometimeswemustbreakoursentencesintoshorterunitssothattheydonotsoundrun-on.
Incorrect:
Theboyshowedushisticketssomeonegavethemtohim.
Correct:
Theboyshowedushistickets.Someonegavethemtohim.
ARUN-ONSENTENCE(sometimescalleda"fusedsentence")hasatleasttwoparts,eitheroneofwhichcanstandbyitself(inotherwords,twoindependentclauses),butthetwopartshavebeensmooshedtogetherinsteadofbeingproperlyconnected.
Run-onsentenceshappentypicallyunderthefollowingcircumstances*:
Whenanindependentclausegivesanorderordirectivebasedonwhatwassaidinthepriorindependentclause:
Thisnextchapterhasalotofdifficultinformationinit,youshouldstartstudyingrightaway.
(Wecouldputaperiodwherethatcommaisandstartanewsentence.Asemicolonmightalsoworkthere.)
Whentwoindependentclausesareconnectedbyatransitionalexpression(conjunctiveadverb)suchashowever,moreover,nevertheless.
Mr.Nguyenhassenthisfourchildrentoivy-leaguecolleges,however,hessacrificedhishealthworkingdayandnightinthatdustybakery.
(Again,wherethatfirstcommaappears,wecouldhaveusedeitheraperiod—andstartedanewsentence—orasemicolon.)
Whenthesecondoftwoindependentclausescontainsapronounthatconnectsittothefirstindependentclause.
Thiscomputerdoesn'tmakesensetome,itcamewithoutamanual.
(Althoughthesetwoclausesarequitebrief,andtheideasarecloselyrelated,thisisarun-onsentence.Weneedaperiodwherethatcommanowstands.)
MostofthosecomputersintheLearningAssistanceCenterarebrokenalready,thisprovesmypointaboutAmericancomputermanufacturers.
Again,twonicelyrelatedclauses,incorrectlyconnected—arun-on.Useaperiodtocurethissentence.
1.Commasplice
Commasplicesjointwocompletesentenceswithacomma.
E.g.Joeywenttothegrocerystore,heneededtobuyeggsforsupper.
Thissentenceisincorrectbecause“Joeywenttothegrocerystore”and“heneededtobuyeggsforsupper”arebothcompletesentences.Acommaalonecannotjointwosentences.
Therearefivemainmethodsoffixingcommassplices:
(1)Wecanseparatethetwoclausesintotwosentencesbyreplacingthecommawithaperiod.
Joeywenttothegrocerystory.Heneededtobuyeggsforsupper.
(2)Wecanreplacethecommawithasemi-colon.
Joeywenttothegrocerystore;heneededtobuyeggsforsupper.
(3)Wecanreplacethecommawithaco-ordinatingconjunction(and,but,or,for,yet,nor,orso).
Joeywenttothegrocerystore,forheneededtobuyeggsforsupper.
(4)Wecanreplacethecommawithasubordinatingconjunction(e.g.,after,although,before,unless,as,because,eventhough,if,since,until,when,while).
Joeywenttothestorebecauseheneededtobuyeggsforsupper.
(5)Replacethecommawithasemi-colonandtransitionalword(e.g.,however,moreover,ontheotherhand,nevertheless,instead,also,therefore,consequently,otherwise,asaresult).
Joeydidnotgotothestore;asaresult,heneededtobuyeggsforsupper.
1.Unity
Asentenceshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea,nomore,noless.Ifitcontainstoomuch,thenthesentencebecomesconfusing.Ifitcontainstoolittle,thentheideainitisincomplete
1.Chopped-upsentences
2.fusedsentences
3.wordiness
III.Clarity
1.Clarityrequiresthatasentenceshouldbewrittenwithitsmeaningunmistakablyclear.
2.misunderstandingisoftencausedby:
3.Thepositionofmodifiers
(2)Referenceofperson
(3)VagueComparison
IV.Coherence
1.Coherencerequiresthatthepartsofasentencearesoarrangedthattheysticktogether,andthattheideasprogressinalogicalsequence.
(1)Parallelism
(2)Consistency
V.Emphasis:
emphasisisthemeansbywhichyougivedesiredforcetoyourwriting
(1)positioningforemphasis
(2).useoftheappropriatevoiceforverbs
(3)Climaticorder
itistheorderthatgoesfromtheleastimportanttothemostimportantorthatgoesfromthegeneraltothespecific.
(4)rhetoricalquestion
(5)Thebalancedsentence
VI.Thekindsofsentences
1.Grammatically
Instructure:
(1)asimplesentence
(2)acompoundsentence
(3)acomplexsentence
(4)acompound-complexsentence
Infunction:
(1)declarative
(2)interrogative
(3)imperative
(4)exclamatory
Rhetorically:
LooseSentence
Periodicsentence
Thebalancesentence
Thecumulativesentence
Theanticlimacticsentence
Rhetoricalquestion
A.Declarative,Interrogative,ImperativeandExclamatorySentences
Accordingtotheiruse,sentencesaredeclarative,interrogative,imperativeorexclamatory.Adeclarativesentencemakesanassertionorastatement.Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion.Animperativesentenceexpressesacommandorarequest.Anexclamatorysentenceexpressesastrongfeelingoremotion,suchassurprise,pain,orjoy.
B.Simple,Compound,Complex,andCompound-ComplexSentences
Accordingtotheirstructure,sentencesaresimple,compound,complex,orcompound-complex.
SIMPLESENTENCE
Asimplesentencehasonlyonesubjectandonepredicate-verb,butitmaycontainmorethanoneobject,attributeoradverb.Shortsimplesentencesareusuallyemphatic;theyhavespecialclarityandprovidevarietywhenusedwithlongersentences.
e.g.1.Heisagoodstudent.
2.WouldyoutellthewaytotheAstorHotel?
3.Donotdisturbyourbrother!
4.Whendidyoujointheclub?
5.Whatalovelygirlsheis!
COMPOUNDSENTENCE
Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauses(orsimplesentences)relatedtoeachotherinmeaning,andlinkedbyacoordinatingconjunction(and,but,or,so,for,etc.)orbyasemicolonwithoutaconjunction.Coordinatedideasshouldbecompatibleandroughlyequalinimportance,ortakeshapeonebyoneinorderlysequence.
e.g.1.Theheavyrainstartedsuddenly,sowestoppedplantingthetrees.
2.Jackwantedtogoswimming,buthiswifewantedtogoshopping.
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