大英2讲义.docx
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大英2讲义.docx
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大英2讲义
Unit1TheDinnerParty
Ⅰ.BackgroundInformation
1.India
1)LocationandCapital
India,officiallycalledRepublicofIndia,isacountryinsouthernAsia,locatedonthesubcontinentofIndia.ItisboundedonthenorthbyAfghanistan,China,Nepal,andBhutan;ontheeastbyBangladesh,Myanmar(alsoknownasBurma),andtheBayofBengal;onthesouthbythePalkStraitandtheGulfofMannâr(whichseparatesitfromSriLanka)andtheIndianOcean;andonthewestbytheArabianSeaandPakistan.Indiaisdividedinto26statesand7unionterritories.NewDelhiisthecountry’scapitalandoneofitslargestcities.
2)NationalFlag
ThecolorsoftheIndianflagweretakenfromtheflagoftheIndianNationalCongress.Darkorangerepresentscourageandsacrifice.Greenrepresentsfaith,fertility,andchivalry.Whiterepresentstruthandpeace.Theembleminthecenterwasaddeduponindependencein1947.ItisaBuddhistdharmachakra,orwheeloflife,usedinIndiathousandsofyearsago.
3)BritishColony
Intheearly18thcentury,followingthedeclineoftheMughalEmpire,BritainexpandeditspowerinIndia,whereBritishinfluencehadbegunintheearly1600s.In1935BritainbegantorelinquishitsholdonIndiaandpassedlegislationprovidingforautonomousIndianlegislativebodies.ExecutivepowerremainedwiththeBritishgovernment,however,until1947whentheIndianpeople,underGandhi’sleadership,wontheirstruggleforindependenceandBritishruleinIndianended.
4)MahatmaGandhi(1869-1948)--IndianNationalistLeader
ThecampaignofnonviolentcivilresistanceorganizedbyIndiannationalistleaderMahatmaGandhiagainstBritishruleinIndialedtothecountry’sindependencein1947.Amemberofthemerchantcaste,MohandasK.Gandhi,latercalledMahatma(Sanskritfor“greatsoul”),GandhistudiedlawinLondon,England.Asalawyerandlaterasapoliticalactivist,heeffectivelyfoughtdiscriminationwiththeprinciplesoftruth,nonviolence,andcourage,whichhederivedinpartfromtheteachingsofHinduism.
5)TheTajMahal
TheTajMahal,designedasatombforthewifeofa17th-centuryMughalemperor,wasconstructedbyabout20,000workersfrom1631to1653inacityinnorthernIndia.ThemassivedomedstructurewasconstructedintheIndo-Islamicstyle,usingwhitemarbleandinlaidgems.Ateachcornerisaminaret(prayertower),andpassagesfromtheKoran,theMuslimholybook,adorntheoutsidewalls.Thebodiesoftheemperorandhiswiferemaininavaultbelowthebuilding.
6)TheVictoriaMemorial
TheVictoriaMemorialwasbuilttocommemorateQueenVictoria’s25-yearreignoverIndia.AftertheSepoyRebellionof1857,theBritishgovernmentassumeddirectcontrolofthecountry,andin1876theBritishparliamentmadeVictoriatheEmpressofIndia.Herreignendedwithherdeathin1901.
7)Marriage
DuringaSikhmarriageceremony,thebrideandgroomintraditionalclothingencircletheSikhHolyBookfourtimeswhilechantingweddinghymns.Sikhism,areligionthatcombineselementsofIslamandHinduism,developedinIndiaduringthelate15thandearly16thcenturies.Today,SikhsmakeupmorethanhalfthepopulationofPunjab.
8)SacredCow
Indiahasmorecattlethananyothercountryintheworld.AsacentralpartofIndia’sagrarianeconomy,cattlehaulcarts,plowfieldsandproducemilkfordairyproducts.ConsideredsacredbymanyHindus,cattleareprotectedfromslaughterinmoststatesandareoftenallowedtoroamfree.
2.Cobra
Cobras,foundinsomepartsofAfricaandAsia,arepoisonoussnakes.Mostcobrasbitetheirvictimsandtheirbitemaycausedeathwithinafewhours.
Thekingcobra,thelargestofallpoisonoussnakes,mayreachalengthof
18ft(5.5m)andfeedschieflyonothersnakes.Whendisturbed,itraisesitshoodedheadtogetabetterviewortostrike.Largeindividualsmayraisethemselvestoaheightofabout1m(about4ft).
TheIndiancobraisusually4-5ft(1.2–1.6m)long.Thesnake’scolorrangesfromyellowishtodarkbrown.Ithasamarklikeapairofspectaclesonthebackofitshood.Itpreysonratsandisthereforeoftenfoundinhouses.TheIndiancobraandtheEgyptiancobraareoftendisplayedbysnakecharmers.Thecobrasappeartorespondtothemusicplayedbythecharmer,but,likeallsnakes,theyaredeafandonlyfollowthemovementsofthecharmer.
3.PrejudiceAgainstWomen
Womenhavebeenprejudicedagainstforcenturiesperhapseversincelifeonearth.Theyhavelongbeenreferredtoas“weakersex”or“fairersex,”considerednaturallyweakerthanmen,squeamish,unabletoperformtheworkthatrequiresmusclesorpluckthecouragetofaceuptoanycrisis.Asweknow,Plato,Aristotle,Shakespeare,andConfuciusallmadenegativeremarksaboutwomen.Andeventoday,suchaprejudicehasnotentirelybeeneliminatedandtheargumentinthetextshowshowhardlong-standingprejudicesdie.
Ⅱ.NewWordsandexpressions
1.heated:
adj.withstrong,excited,andoftenangryfeelings
shehadaheatedargumentwithanofficial
2.unexpected:
adj.Notexpectedorregardedaslikelytohappen
hisdeathwastotallyunexpected
Mr.Greenpaidmeanunexpectedvisit.
格林先生出乎意料地前来看我。
3.shortly:
adv.Inashorttime;soon;Inafewwords;briefly
She'sgoingtoNewYorkshortly.
她不久将去纽约。
theyreceivedalettershortlyoutliningtheproposals
4.bare:
adj.(ofapersonorpartofthebody)Notclothedorcovered;Onlyjustsufficient
Thechildwasbaretothewaist.
那孩子打赤膊。
Alltheyhadwerethebarenecessitiesoflife.
他们所有的仅仅是生活必需品而已。
Thelittleroomwasalmostbareoffurniture.(bareof没有……)
这个小房间几乎没有什么家具
5.spirited:
adj.Fullofenergy,enthusiasm,anddetermination
Sheputupaspiriteddefenceofhergovernment'spolicies.
她积极地为她的政府的政策辩护。
6.outgrow:
v.growtoobigfor(something);leavebehindasonematures;growfasterortallerthan
outgrowone'sclothes
个子长大了衣服穿不下
Hehasoutgrownhiscredulity.
他已长大成熟而不再轻信。
Bythetimehewasten,hehadoutgrownhisolderbrother.
他十岁的时候就已经长得比他哥哥高了
7.react:
vi.Respondorbehaveinaparticularwayinresponsetosomething
Howdidshereacttothenews?
她对这个消息反应如何?
8.contract:
vi.decreaseinsize,number,orrange
Glasscontractsasitcools
Theheartisamusclethatcontractsaboutseventytimesaminute
9.motion:
v.directorcommand(someone)withamovementofthehandorhead
Theteachermotionedhisstudentstobesilent.
老师示意学生不要讲话。
Hemotionedtometobesilent.
他示意我不要做声。
10.widen:
v.makeorbecomewider
Thecityiswideningthisstreet.
该城正在拓宽这条街。
11.bait:
n.foodusedtoenticefishorotheranimalsasprey
Thelittlefishtookthebait.
小鱼吞下诱饵。
Heluredherwiththebaitofagoodjob.
他以给一份好差使引诱她
12.impulse:
n.asuddenstrongandunreflectiveurgeordesiretoact
Myuncleboughtthehouseonanimpulse.
我叔叔一时冲动买下了那房子。
IusedtoactoutofblindimpulsewhenIwasyoung.
我年轻时常凭盲目的冲动行事。
13.commotion:
n.astateofconfusedandnoisydisturbance
You'remakingagreatcommotionaboutnothing.
你完全是在无理取闹。
14.forfeit:
v.loseorbedeprivedof(propertyorarightorprivilege)asapenaltyforwrongdoing
Hehasforfeitedtherighttobetheleaderofthisnation.
他丧失了作为这个国家领导的权利。
15.emerge:
v.moveoutoforawayfromsomethingandcomeintoview
Themoonemergedfrombehindacloud.
月亮从云层后面钻了出来。
Nothingemergedfromthebilateraltalks.
双边会谈没有结果。
16.faint:
v.growweakorfeeble;decline
Herbreathingbecamefaint.
她的呼吸变得很弱。
Afaintblushcameintohercheek.
她的脸上出现了淡淡的红晕。
17.crawl:
v.(ofaperson)Moveforwardonthehandsandkneesorbydraggingthebodyclosetotheground;(ofaninsectorsmallanimal)Moveslowlyalongasurface
Hewatchedthebabycrawlacrosstheroom.
他看着婴儿从房间这边爬到那边。
Itwasrushhourandwecrawledalongat15milesanhour.
遇上了高峰时间,我们的车子以每小时十五英里的速度缓慢行驶
Thelawnwascrawlingwithants.
草坪上爬满了蚂蚁。
18.trackdown:
追查到,追捕到;
Thepolicemanhastrackeddownwherethethiefwashidden.
19.springup:
涌现,迅速增长
SomanyideassprangupinmymindasIthoughtofit.
20.atthesightof一看见
Hewasdisgustedatthesightoftherottingfood.
21.feellike想要
Idon’tfeellikedrinkingbeertonight.
22.cometo熟知,了解;苏醒;总计
Dailyshewascomingtoknowhimbetter.
日复一日,她开始对他了解地更深入了。
Janeknowsnothingaboutgeography,butwhenitcomestochemistrysheisanexpert.
简对地理一窍不通,但谈到化学她却是一个专家。
Inall,theycometosome300000Chinesecharacters.
它们总共有30万汉字。
23.makefor走向,导致,促进
Wejoinedthejostlingcrowdmakingfortheonlyexit.
我们加入了拥挤的人群,朝唯一的出口走去。
Culturalexchangesmakeformutualunderstanding.
文化交流有助于相互交流。
24.ringout发出声音,突然想起
Iheardashotringoutsomewhere.
25.lightup照亮,变亮
Inmypastyears,friendshiplikealightlitupmysoulsothattherewassomeglowinmyexistence.
友情在过去的生活里,就像一盏明灯照亮了我的灵魂,使我的生存有了一点点光彩。
Ⅲ.Languagepoints
1.IfirstheardthistaleinIndia,whereitistoldasiftrue—thoughanynaturalistwouldknowitcouldn’tbe.
1)Whydoestheauthorsay“thoughanynaturalistwouldknowitcouldn’tbe?
”
Becausecobrasgenerallyeatsmallanimalssuchasrabbitsandmice,anaturalistwouldtellusthatmilkisnotafavoritefoodforthecobras.
2.Aspiriteddiscussionspringsupbetweenayounggirlwhosaysthatwomenhaveoutgrownthejumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouseeraandamajorwhosaysthattheyhaven’t.
1)TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.
席间,一位年轻的女士与一位少校展开了激烈的讨论。
年轻的女士认为,妇女已经有所进步,不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上;少校则不以为然。
3.Andthatlastounceiswhatreallycounts.
1)What’sthemeaningof“whatreallycounts?
”
Itmeans“somethingthatisreallyimportant”.
4.Ashelooks,heseesastrangeexpressioncomeoverthefaceofthehostess.
1)What’sthe
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