张剑黄皮书考研英语真题及解析.docx
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张剑黄皮书考研英语真题及解析.docx
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张剑黄皮书考研英语真题及解析
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CORDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened1.Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot2the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic_3_,followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe4oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution5up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading6throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures7the20thcenturyworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.NoteveryoneseesthatProcessin8.Itisimportanttodoso.
Itisgenerallyrecognized,9,thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,10bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,11itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately12.Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal”too,aswellas13,withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage14increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,15generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch16.
Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety”begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe17withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas18bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen19viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications.“Benefits”havebeenweighed20“harmful”outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
1.[A]between[B]before[C]since[D]later
2.[A]after[B]by[C]during[D]until
3.[A]means[B]method[C]medium[D]measure
4.[A]process[B]company[C]light[D]form
5.[A]gathered[B]speeded[C]worked[D]picked
6.[A]on[B]out[C]over[D]off
7.[A]of[B]for[C]beyond[D]into
8.[A]concept[B]dimension[C]effect[D]perspective
9.[A]indeed[B]hence[C]however[D]therefore
10.[A]brought[B]followed[C]stimulated[D]characterized
11.[A]unless[B]since[C]lest[D]although
12.[A]apparent[B]desirable[C]negative[D]plausible
13.[A]institutional[B]universal[C]fundamental[D]instrumental
14.[A]ability[B]capability[C]capacity[D]faculty
15.[A]bymeansof[B]intermsof[C]withregardto[D]inlinewith
16.[A]deeper[B]fewer[C]nearer[D]smaller
17.[A]context[B]range[C]scope[D]territory
18.[A]regarded[B]impressed[C]influenced[D]effected
19.[A]competitive[B]controversial[C]distracting[D]irrational
20.[A]above[B]upon[C]against[D]with
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.
Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses’convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?
”thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“Oh,that’sGod,”camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe’sadoctor.”
Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.
Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.
Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon’tsucceed,giveup”oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatement.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.
21.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.
[A]takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience
[B]makefunofthedisorganizedpeople
[C]addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople
[D]showsympathyforyourlisteners
22.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare.
[A]impolitetonewarrivals
[B]veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole
[C]entitledtosomeprivileges
[D]verybusyevenduringlunchhours
23.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.
[A]havebenefitedmanypeople
[B]arethefocusofpublicattention
[C]areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor
[D]haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock
24.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered.
[A]inwell-wordedlanguage
[B]asawkwardlyaspossible
[C]inexaggeratedstatements
[D]ascasuallyaspossible
25.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.
[A]UseHumorEffectively
[B]VariousKindsofHumor
[C]AddHumortoSpeech
[D]DifferentHumorStrategies
Text2
Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.
Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobot-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.
Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough‘commonsense’toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld.”
Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.
Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon’tknowquitehowwedoit.
26.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin.
[A]theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.
[B]thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.
[C]theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.
[D]theelite’scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.
27.Theword“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.
[A]programs[B]experts[C]devices[D]creatures
28.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan.
[A]fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.
[B]interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.
[C]havealittlecommonsense.
[D]respondindependentlytoachangingworld.
29.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso.
[A]makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.
[B]dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.
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