职称英语考试《理工类》历年真题精选及答案051422.docx
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职称英语考试《理工类》历年真题精选及答案051422.docx
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职称英语考试《理工类》历年真题精选及答案051422
职称英语考试《理工类》历年真题精选及答案0514-22
1、Canyougivemeaconcreteexampletosupportyouridea?
【单选题】
A.special
B.good
C.real
D.specific
正确答案:
D
答案解析:
题干大意:
你能给我一个具体的例子来支持你的想法吗?
句中concrete的意思是“具体的”,同义词是specific,如:
Inpaintingart,themostspecificthemeandimageoftenexpressesthemostabstractthinking.(在绘画艺术中,最具体的主题和形象所表达的往往是最抽象的思想。
)special:
特殊的;good:
好的;real:
真实的。
2、Robots
Themostsophisticated(先进的)Japaneserobots,whichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeeds,arestillbasedonAmericandesigns.Studiesofrobots,particularlycomputercontrolsoftware,areconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.
Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjects,todaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding(焊接),spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.
InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984,buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.
Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.
Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.
ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirMTBFormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10,000hourstoday(equivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears).Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuy,insteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmall.sample.
ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Oneprogrammedrobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumans,whocangettiredandbored.
Onedisadvantageofusingrobotsisthattheyconsume________.
【单选题】
A.toomuchenergy
B.basedonAmericandesigns
C.theyaretoocostly
D.theyarenotreliable
E.qualitycontrol
F.freeofcharge
正确答案:
A
答案解析:
首先根据语法知识,及物动词consume后加名词作宾语,排除选项B、C、D。
consume作动词表示“消耗”,剩余选项中只有A选项“toomuchenergy”可以与其搭配。
此外,文章第四段Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob也表明:
做同样的工作,机器人平均要消耗的能量是人类的100多倍。
由此可以肯定A为正确答案。
3、Migrant(移民的)Workers
Inthepasttwentyyears,therehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.Whilesomecountrieshaverestrictedmostjobstolocalpeople,othershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.ThisisparticularlythecaseintheMiddleEast,whereincreasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriestocallinoutsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.ThustheMiddleEasthasattractedoilworkersfromtheUSAandEurope.Ithasbroughtinworkersfrommanycountries,______SouthKoreaandJapan.
InviewofthedifficultlivingandworkingconditionsintheMiddleEast,itisnotsurprisingthatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.ManyengineersandtechnicianscanearnatleasttwiceasmuchmoneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountry,andthisisamajorattraction.
Sometimesadisadvantagehasacompensating(补偿的)advantage.Forexample,thedifficultlivingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershavetodependoneachotherforsafetyandcomfort.Inasimilarway,manymigrantworkerscansavelargesumsofmoneypartlybecauseofthelackofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerelypresentschallengetoengineerswhoprefertofindsolutionstoproblemsratherthandoroutineworkintheirhomecountry.
OnemajorproblemwhichaffectsmigrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsaretemporaryones.Theyarenearlyalwaysoncontract,soitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobeexpectedsincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.Inanycase,migrantworkersacceptthisdisadvantage,alongwithothers,becauseoftheconsiderablefinancialbenefitswhichtheyreceive.
【单选题】
A.opposing
B.limiting
C.including
D.asking
正确答案:
C
答案解析:
很显然,整个句子的意思是:
中东引进了包括韩国和日本在内的许多国家的工人。
因此including(包括)是正确的答案。
4、FermiProblem
OnaMondaymorninginJuly,theworld'sfirstatombombexplodedintheNewMexicodesert,Fortysecondslater,theshookwavesreachedthebasecampwheretheItalian-AmericanphysicistEnricoFezmiandhisteamstood.Afteramentalcalculation,Fermiannouncedtohisteamthatthebomb'senergyhadequated10,000tonsofTNT.Thebombteamwasimpressed,butnotsurprised.Fermi'sgeniuswasknownthroughoutthescientificworld.In1938hehadwonaNobelPrize.Fouryearslaterheproducedthefirstnuclearchainreaction,leadingusintothenuclearage.SinceFermi'sdeathin1954,nophysicisthasbeenatonceamasterexperimentalistandaleadingtheoretician.
Likeallvirtuosos(大师),Fermihadadistinctivestyle.Hepreferredthemostdirectroutetoananswer.Hewasverygoodatdividingdifficultproblemsintosmall,manageablebitstalentweallcanuseinourdailylives.
Todevelopthistalentinhisstudents,FermiwouldsuggestatypeofquestionnowknownasaFermiproblem.Uponfirsthearingoneofthese,youhaven'ttheremotestnotionoftheanswer,andyoufeelcertainthattoolittleinformationhadbeengiventosolveit,Yetwhentheproblemisbrokenintosub-problems,eachanswerablewithoutthehelpofexpert.sorbooks,youcancomeclosetotheexactsolution.
SupposeyouwanttodetermineEarth'scircumferencewithoutlookingitup.EveryoneknowsthatNewYorkandLosAngelesareabout3,000milesapartandthatthetimedifferencebetweenthemisthreehours.Threehoursisone-eighthofaday,andadayisthetimeittakestheplanettocompleteonerotation,soitscircumferencemustbeeighttimes30000r24000miles.Thisanswerdiffersfromthetruevalue,24,902.45miles,bylessthanfourpercent.
UltimatelythevalueofdealingwitheverydayproblemsthewayFermididliesintherewardsofmakingindependentdiscoveriesandinventions.Itdoesn'tmatterwhetherthediscoveryisasimportantasdeterminingthepowerofanatomorassmallasmeasuringthedistancebetweenNewYorkandLosAngeles.Lookinguptheanswer,orlettingsomeoneelsefinditdeprivesyouofthepleasureandpridethataccompanycreativity,anddeprivesyouofanexperiencethatbuildsupself-confide.Thus,approachingpersonaldilemmasasFermiproblemscanbecomeahabitthatenrichesyourlife.
Thelastparagraphconcludesthewholewritingbystressingthevalueofimportantinventionsandsmalldiscoveries.
【单选题】
A.Right
B.Wrong
C.Notmentioned
正确答案:
B
答案解析:
最后一段是全篇的结论,强调了Fermi问题的价值:
UltimatelythevalueofdealingwitheverydayproblemsthewayFermididliesintherewardsofmakingindependentdiscoveriesandinventions。
5、GeologyandHeap
(1)Theimportanceofparticularmetalsinthehumandiethasbeenrealizedwithinthepastfewdecades,andtheideathatgeologymightberelatedtohealthhasbeenrecognizedforanumberofelementssuchasiodine,zincandselenium.Forexample,soilswithlowiodinecontentsproducecrops,andanimalsdeficientiniodine.Alackofiodineinthehumandietleadstosomeseriousdiseases.
(2)Theultimatesourceofmetalswithinthehumanbodyisrocks,whichweatherintosoil,gainingorlosingsomeoftheirchemicalconstituents.Thecropsweeatselectivelyremovefromthesoiltheelementsthattheyrequireforgrowth.Thewaterwedrinkcontainstraceelementsleachedfromrockandsoil.Thusthegeologyandgeochemistryoftheenvironmenthaveeffectsonthechemistryandhealthofplants,animalsandpeople.
(3)Sofarthereisnodatatosuggestthatpeoplelivingonmetal-richsoilsexperienceapotentialhealthhazard.Thelevelsofmetalswithinnaturallycontaminatedsoilsaregenerallynothighenoughtocauseserioushealthproblems.Livingonmetal-richsoilsdoesnotrepresentahealthriskunlesslargequantitiesofsoilaredigestedormetal-richdustisinhaled.However,smallchildrenareparticularlyexposedtometal-richtopsoilinplaygroundsandgardens.Theyarealsothemostlikelyonestoeatpotentiallydangerousmetal-richsoil.
(4)Heavymetalsarepersistent:
theydonotbreakdowntootherchemicalsintheenvironment.Industriallypollutedsitesusuallyundergointensiveclean-upandrehabilitationbecauseheavymetalsareahealthconcernoncetheyenterthefoodchain.Sometracemetalsareallegedtocausecancerandarealsoknowntocausepoisoning
(5)Incontrast,naturallycontaminatedsoilshavenotbeensubjecttooriskassessmentstudiesandrehabilitationmeasures,despitethefactthattheyfrequentlypossessmetalconcentrationswellabovethoseofsuchpollutedbyhumansandaboveenvironmentalqualitycriteria.
(6)Thereisavitalneedtounderstandthepotentialrisksandlong-termhealtheffectsoflivingonnaturallycontaminatedsoils.Futureenvironmentalinvestigationsofnaturallypollutedsoilsshouldconcentrateonthepotentialpathwaysofmetalsintothefoodchainandhumanbody.Geologistsshouldbepartofsuchstudiesastheycanprovidetheessentialbackgroundinformationonrockandsoilchemistryaswellasthechemicalformsofheavymetalpollution.
Paragraph3______
【单选题】
A.NoEvidencetoIndicateBadofNaturallyContaminatedSoil
B.PotentialHazardsofHumanContaminatedSoils
C.ResearchanChannelsofHeavyMetalsGettingintoHumanFoodChain
D.Geolog
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