胡壮麟 必背名解.docx
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胡壮麟 必背名解.docx
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胡壮麟必背名解
Chapter1
1.language:
Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
2.Designfeature:
Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages
3.Arbitrariness:
referstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.
4.Duality:
referstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.
5.Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofconversation.
6.Thebow-wowtheory:
Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.
7.The“yo-he-ho”theory:
Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.
8.Thepooh-poohtheory:
Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage
9.Jacobson,languagehassixfunctions:
1)Referential:
toconveymessageandinformation;
2)Poetic:
toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;
3)Emotive:
toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions;
4)Conative:
topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties
5)Phatic:
toestablishcommunionwithothers;
6)Metalingual:
toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.
10.Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage:
1)Ideationalfunction:
toconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer;
2)Interpersonalfunction:
embodyingalluseoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelationships;
3)Textualfunction:
referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.
11.HuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:
1)Theinformativefunction:
meanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.
2)Theinterpersonalfunction:
meanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.
3)Theperformativefunction:
isprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.
4)Theemotivefunction:
isoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.
5)Thephaticcommunion:
meanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.
6)Therecreationalfunction:
meanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’schanting.
7)Themetalingualfunction:
meanspeoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.E.g.Icanusetheword“book”totalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression“thewordbook”totalkaboutthesign“b-o-o-k”itself.
12.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings..
13.Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itincludesthreemainareas:
articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.
14.Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.
15.Morphologystudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.
16.Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.
17.Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.
18.Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.
19.Macrolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinallaspects,distinctfrommicrolinguistics,whichdealtsolelywiththeformalaspectoflanguagesystem.
20.Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.
21.Sociolinguisticsisatermwhichcoversavarietyofdifferentinterestsinlanguageandsociety,includingthelanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.
22.Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity.
23.Computationallinguisticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.
24.Synchronic:
saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoreticalpointintime.
25.Diachronic:
saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguangeandlanguagesovertime.
26.Prescriptive:
tomakeauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.
27.Descriptive:
tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.
28.Competence:
unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.
29.Performance:
thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.
30.Langue:
thelanguagesystemsharedbyaspeechcommunity.
31.Parole:
theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.
Chapter2
1.Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds.Itincludesthreemainareas:
1)Articulatoryphonetics–thestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds
2)Acousticphonetics–thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeech
3)Auditoryphonetics–thestudyofperceptionofspeechsounds
2.Speechorgansarethosepartsofthehumanbodyinvolvedintheproductionofspeech.Itconsistingofthreeparts:
theinitiatoroftheairstream,theproducerofvoiceandtheresonatingcavities.
3.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA):
thesystemofsymbolsforrepresentingthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguageaccordingtotheprinciplesoftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation.Thesymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics.SomelettersaretakenfromtheRomanalphabet,somearespecialsymbols.
4.Aconsonantisproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacestodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.
5.Avowelisproducedwithoutobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived
6.ReceivedPronunciation(RP):
ThetypeofBritishStandardEnglishpronunciationwhichhasbeenregardedastheprestigevarietyandwhichshowsnoregionalvariation.Ithasoftenbeenpopularlyreferredtoas“BBCEnglish”or“OxfordEnglish”becauseitiswidelyusedintheprivatesectoroftheeducationsystemandspokenbymostnewsreadersoftheBBCnetwork.
7.Cardinalvowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendingtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.
8.Pure(monophthong)vowels:
vowelswhichareproducedwithoutanynoticeablechangeinvowelquality.
9.Vowelglides:
Vowelswherethereisanaudiblechangeofquality.
10.Diphthong:
Avowelwhichisusuallyconsideredasonedistinctivevowelofaparticularlanguagebutreallyinvolvestwovowels,withonevowelglidingtotheother.
11.Coarticulation:
Thesimultaneousoroverlappingarticulationoftwosuccessivephonologicalunits
12.Anticipatorycoarticulation:
Ifthesoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound,asinthecaseoflamp,itisknownasanticipatorycoarticulation.
13.Perseverativecoarticulation:
Ifthesounddisplaystheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound,asinthecaseofmap,itisperseverativecoarticulation
14.Nasalization:
Changeorprocessbywhichvowelsorconsonantsbecomenasal.
15.Diacritics:
Anymarkinwritingadditionaltoaletterorotherbasicelements
16.Theuseofasimplesetofsymbolsinourtranscriptioniscalledabroadtranscription.Theuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowmorephoneticdetailisreferredtoasanarrowtranscription.Theformerwasmeanttoindicateonlythesesoundscapableofdistinguishingonewordfromanotherinagivenlanguagewhilethelatterwasmeanttosymbolizeallthepossiblespeechsounds,includingeventheminutestshadesofpronunciation.
17.Minimalpairsaretwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodifferinmeaning.
18.Aphonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitofsoundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.Anyofthedifferentformsofaphonemeiscalleditsallophones.
19.Assimilation:
Aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound.
Regressiveassimilation:
Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,wecallitregressiveassimilation.
Progressiveassimilation:
Ifaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,wecallitprogressiveassimilation.
Devoicing:
Aprocessbywhichvoicedsoundsbecomevoiceless.DevoicingofvoicedconsonantsoftenoccursinEnglishwhentheyareattheendofaword.
20.Distinctivefeature:
Aparticularcharacteristicwhichdistinguishesonedistinctivesoundunitofalanguagefromanotheroronegroupofsoundsfromanothergroup.
21.Suprasegmentalfeatures:
Suprasegmentalfeaturesarethoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegments.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesaresyllables,stress,tone,andintonation
22.Syllable:
Aunitinspeechwhichisoftenlongerthanonesoundandsmallerthanawholeword.Opensyllable:
Asyllablewhichendsinav
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