上海交通大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题.docx
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上海交通大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题.docx
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上海交通大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题
上海交通大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题
PartI:
ReadingComprehension
Passage1
Therearedesertplantswhichsurvivethedryseasonintheformofinactiveseeds.
Therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(high).Inaddition,difficult
asitistobelieve,therearedesertfishwhichcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtinthe
formofinactiveeggs.ThesearetheshrimpsthatliveintheMojaveDesert,anintensely
dryregioninthesouth-westoftheUnitedStateswhereshadetemperaturesofover50are
openrecorded.
TheeggsoftheMojaveshrimpsarethesizeandhavetheappearanceofgrainsof
sand.Whensufficientspringrainfallstoformalake,onceeverytwotofiveyears,these
eggshatch.Thenthewaterissoonfilledwithmillionsoftinyshrimpsaboutamillimeter
longwhichfeedontinyplantandanimalorganismswhichalsogrowinthetemporarydes-
ertlake.Withinaweek,theshrimpsgrowfromtheiroriginal1millimetertoalengthofa-
bout1.5centimeters.
Throughoutthetimethattheshrimpsarerapidlymaturing,thewaterinthelakeequally
rapidlyevaporates.Therefore,fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime.Bythetwelfthday,
however,whentheyareabout3centimeterslong,hundredsoftinyeggsformontheun-
derbodiesofthefemales.Usuallybythistime,allthatremainsofthelakeisalarge,mud-
dypatchofwetsoil.Onthethirteenthdayandthenext,duringthefinalhoursoftheirbrief
lives,theshrimpslaytheireggsinthemud.Then,havingensuredthattheirspecieswill
survive,theshrimpsdieasthelastofthewaterevaporates.
Ifsufficientrainfallsthenextyeartoformanotherlake,theeggshatch,andoncea-
gaintheshrimpspassrapidlythroughtheircycleofgrowth,adulthood,egg-laying,and
death.Someyearsisinsufficientraintoformalake:
inthiscase,theeggswillremaindor-
mantforanotheryear,orevenlongerifnecessary.Very,veryoccasionally,perhapstwice
inahundredyears,sufficientrainfallstoformadeeplakethatlastsamonthormore.In
thiscase,thespeciespassesthroughtwocyclesofgrowth,egg-laying,anddeath.Thus,
onsuchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.
1.WhichofthefollowingistheMOSTdistinctivefeatureofMojaveshrimps?
A.Theirlivesarebrief.
巳.Theyfeedonplantandanimalorganisms.
A.Theireggscansurviveyearsofdrought.
B.Theylaytheireggsinthemud.
2.Bysaying“fortheshrimpsitisaraceagainsttime”(Para.3)theauthor
means.
A.theyhavetoswimfasttoavoiddangerintherapidlyevaporatinglicks
B.theyhavetoswimfasttocatchtheanimalorganismsonwhichtheysurvive.
C.theyhavetomultiplyasmanyaspossiblewithinthirteendays.
D.theyhavetocompletetheirlifecyclewithinashortspanoftimepermittedbythe
environment.
3.Thepassagemainlydealswith.
A.thelifespanofMojaveshrimps
B.thesurvivalofdesertshrimps
C.theimportanceofwatertolife
D.lifeintheMojaveDesert
4.Theword“dormant”(Para.4)mostprobablymeans.
A.inactiveB.strongC.alertD.soft
5.Itmaybeinferredfromthepassagethat.
A.appearanceandsizearemostimportantforlifetosurviveinthedesert.
B.aspeciesmustbeabletomultiplyquicklyinordertosurvive.
C.forsomespeciesonelifecycleinayearisenoughtosurvivethedesertdrought.
D.somespeciesdevelopauniquelifepatterntosurviveinextremelyharshcondi-
tions.
Passage2
TheWelshlanguagehasalwaysbeentheultimatemarkerofWelshidentity,butagen-
erationagoitlookedasifWelshwouldgothewayofManx.——Oncewidelyspokenonthe
isleofManbutnotextinct.Governmentfinancingandcentralplanning,however,have
helpedreversethedeclineofWelsh.Roadsignsandofficialpublicdocumentsarewritten
inbothWelshandEnglish,andschoolchildrenarerequiredtolearnbothlanguages,Welsh
isnowoneofthemostsuccessfulofEurope’sregionallanguages,spokenbymorethana
half-millionofthecountry’sthreemillionpeople.
Therevivalofthelanguage,particularlyamongyoungpeople,ispartofaresurgence
ofnationalidentitysweepingthroughthissmall,proudnation.LastmonthWalesmarked
thesecondanniversaryoftheopeningoftheNationalAssembly,thefirstparliamenttobe
convenedheresince1404.Theideabehinddevolutionwastorestorethebalancewithin
theunionofnationsmakinguptheUnitedKingdom.Withmostofthepeopleandwealth,
Englandhasalwayshadbraggingrights.Thepartialtransferoflegislativepowersfrom
Westminster,implementedbyTonyBlair,wasdesignedtogivetheothermembersofthe
club—Scotland,NorthernIreland,andWales—abiggersayandtocountercentrifugal
forcesthatseemedtothreatentheveryideaoftheunion.
TheWelshshowedlittleenthusiasmfordevolution.WhereastheScotsvotedover-
whelminglyforaparliament,thevoteforaWelshassemblyscrapedthroughbylessthan
onepercentonaturnoutoflessthan25percent.Itspowerswereproportionatelylimited.
TheAssemblycandecidehowmoneyfromWestminsterortheEuropeanUnionisspent.It
cannot,unlikeitscounterpartinEdinburgh,enactlaws.Butnowthatitishere,theWelsh
aregrowingtoliketheirAssembly.Manypeoplewouldlikeittohavemorepowers.Itsim-
portanceasfigureheadwillgrowwiththeopeningin2003,ofanewdebatingchamber,
oneofmanynewbuildingsthataretransformingCardifffromadecayingseaportintoaBal-
timore-stylewaterfrontcity.MeanwhileagrantofnearlytwomilliondollarsfromtheEurope-
anUnionwilltacklepoverty.WalesisoneofthepoorestregionsinWesternEurope-only
Spain,Portugal,andGreecehavealowerstandardofliving.
NewspapersandmagazinesarefilledwithstoriesaboutgreatWelshmenandwomen,
boostingself-esteem.TofamiliarfacessuchasDylanThomasandRichardBurtonhave
beenaddednewiconssuchasCatherineZeta-Jones,themoviestar,andBrynTerfel,the
operasinger.Indigenousfoodslikesaltmarshlambareinvogue.AndWalesnowboasts
anationalairline,AwyrCymru.Cymru,weans“landofcompatriots”istheWelshnamefor
Wales.Thereddragon,thenation’ssymbolsincethetimeofKingArthur,iseverywhere
onT-shirts,rugbyJerseysandevencellphonecovers.
“UntilveryrecenttimesmostWelshpeoplehadthisfeelingofbeingsecond-classciti-
zens,saidDyfanJonos,an18-yearoldstudent.Itwasawarmsummernight,andiwas
sidingonthegrasswithagroupofyoungpeopleinLlanelli,anindustrialtowninthesouth,
outsiderockmusicvenueoftheNationalEisteddfod,Wales’sannualculturalfestivedis-
usedfactoryinfrontofusechoedtothesoundsofnewWelshbands.“Therewasalmosta
genetictendencyforlackofconfidence,”Dyfancontinued.Equallycomfortableinhis
membershipintheEnglish-speaking,globalyouthcultureandanewfederalEurope,Dy-
fan,liketherestofhisgeneration,is.growingupwithasenseofpossibilityunimaginable
tenyearsago.“Weusedtothink.Wecan'tdofig,we’reonlyWelsh.Nowithinkthat’s
changing.”
6.AccordingtothePassage,devolutionwasmainlymeansto.
A.maintainthepresentstatusamongthenations
B.reducelegislativepowersofEngland
C.createabetterstateofequalityamongthenations
D.grantmoresaytoallthenationsintheunion
7.Theword“centrifugal”inthesecondparagraphmeans.
A.separatistB.conventionalC.feudalD.political
8.WalesisdifferentfromScotlandinallthefollowingaspectsEXCEPt.
A.people’desirefordevolution
B.locals’turnoutforthevoting
C.powersofthelegislativebody
D.statusofthenationallanguage
9.WhichofthefollowingisNOtcitedasanexampleoftheresurgenceofWelshnation-
alidentity.
A.Welshhaswitnessedarevivalasanationallanguage.
B.Poverty-relieffundshavecomefromtheEuropeanUnion.
C.aWelshnationalairlineiscurrentlyinoperation.
D.Thenationalsymbolhasbecomeafamiliarsight.
10.AccordingtoDyfanJoneswhathaschangedis.
A.people’smentality
B.popculture
C.town’sappearance
D.possibilitiesforthepeople
Passage3
Barbedwire,firstpatentedintheUnitedSeesin1867,playedanimportantpartinthe
developmentofAmericanfarming,asitenabledthemmakeelectivefencingtoenclose
theirlandandkeepcattleawayfromtheircrops.Thishadaconsiderableeffectoncattle
ranching,sincetheherdsnolongerhadunrestricteduseoftheplansforgrazing,andthe
fencingledtoconflictbetweenthefarmersandthecattleranchers.
Beforebarbedwirecameintogeneraluse,fencingwasopenmadefromserrated
wire,whichwasunsatisfactorybecauseitbrokeeasilywhenunderstrain,andcouldsnap
incoldweatherduetocontraction.Thefirstpracticalmachineforproducingbarbedwire
wasinventedin1874byIllinoisfarmerandbetweenthenandtheendofthecenturyabout
400typesofbarbedwireweredevised,ofwhichonlyaboutadozenwereeverputtoprac-
tice.
Modernbarbedwireismadefrommildsteelhigh-tensilesteel,oraluminum.Mildsteel
andaluminumbarbedwirehavetwostrandstwistedtogethertoformacablewhichis
strongerthansingle-strandwireandlessaffectedbytemperaturechanges.Single-strand,
roundoroval,ismadefromhigh-tensilesteelwiththebarbscrimpedorweldedon.The
steelwiresusedaregalvanized一coatedwithzinctomakethemrustproof.Thetwowires
thatmakeupthelinewireorcablearefedseparatelyintoamachineatoneend.They
leaveitattheotherendtwisted-togetherandbarbed.Thewireco-makethebarbsisfed
intothemachinefromthesidesandcuttolengthbyknivesthatcutdiagonallythroughthe
wiretoproduceasharppo
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