浪漫主义文学.docx
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浪漫主义文学.docx
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浪漫主义文学
摘要
英国是最早出现浪漫主义文学的国家之一,它的浪漫主义文学开始于18世纪中后期,19世纪上半叶为繁荣时期。
英国的浪漫主义文学代表了19世纪欧洲浪漫主义文学的最高成就。
浪漫主义时期是诗歌的年代,浪漫主义文学家发起了对新古典主义的反叛。
他们将关注点从对观察社会文明的外部世界转向关注人类自己精神的内部世界,并强调每个人都有与众不同的个性和思想。
关键词:
英国;浪漫主义时期;文学
Abstract
Britainisoneofthecountriesthatfirstappearromanticliterature.Itsromanticliteraturebeganinthelate18thcentury,andthefirsthalfof19thCenturywasitsprosperousperiod.BritishromanticliteraturerepresentsthehighestachievementofEuropeanromanticliteratureinthe19thcentury.Theromanticperiodisanageofpoetry.Theromanticistsstartedarebellionagainsttheneoclassicalliterature.Theyemphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual’smind,changingtheirattentiontotheinnerworldofthehumanspiritfromtheouterworldofsocialcivilization.
Keywords:
Britain;romanticperiod;literature
Contents
摘要I
AbstractII
ContentsIII
1Introduction1
2Background2
2.1HistoricalBackground2
2.2IntellectualBackground2
3LiteraryFeatures3
3.1WorshipofNature3
3.2Singularity3
3.3Spontaneity3
3.4Subjectivism3
3.5Simplicity4
4Twoperiodsofdevelopment4
4.1Pre-RomanticPeriod(1764-1798)4
4.2TheRomanticAge(1798-1837)5
5Influence5
5.1InfluenceonBritishliteratureofthesameperiod5
5.2InfluenceonlaterBritishliterature6
6Conclusion6
Bibliography7
1Introduction
Majorpoliticalandsocialchangesattheendofthe18thcentury,particularlytheFrenchRevolution,promptedanewbreedofwritingknownasromanticisminBritain.
RomanticismwasineffectarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason,whichprevailedfromthedaysofPopetothoseofJohnson.AndsomeofthegreatimaginativewritingsinEnglishliteraturesprangfromtheconfrontationofradicalsandconservativesatthecloseofthe18thcentury.Theromanticwritersexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.Theyfeltthatthesocietydeniedpeopleandtheiressentialhumanneeds.SoundertheinfluenceoftheleadingromanticthinkerslikeKantandthePost-Kantians,theydemonstratedastrongreactionagainstthedominantmodesofthinkingofthe18th-centurywritersandphilosophers.
TheRomanticperiodemphaticallyanageofpoetry.Manyyoungenthusiasticwritersturnedtopoetryasahappymantosinging.ThegloryoftheageisseeninthepoetryofWordsworth,Coleridge,Southey,Byron,ShelleyandKeats.TheRomanticperiodisalsoagreatageofprose.Coleridge,Lamb,HazlittandDeQuinceyaretheleadinggigures.TheRomanticperiodinBritainalsosawtheappearanceofseveraloutstandingnovelistsandessayistsalthoughpoetryformedthemaincurrent.
2Background
2.1HistoricalBackground
Thepoliticalandsocialfactorsthatgaverisetothereomanticmovementwerethethreerevolutions,undertheinfluenceoftheAmericanandFrenchrevolutions,nationalliberationmovementsanddemocraticmovementssweptacrossmanyEuropeancountries.Britainwasnoexception.
ThoughthegovernmentalliedhandinglovewiththereactionaryforcesontheContinent,politicalreformsandmassdemonstrationsviolentlyshooktheveryfoundationofaristocraticruleinBritian.Nolessimportantweretheconsequencesoftheindustrialrevolution.Itbroughtgreatwealthtotherichandworsenedtheworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor.Withtheinventionofthenewmachines,manyskilledworkerswerereplacedbywomenandchildrenandworkinghoursforyoungchildrenlastedfromfourteentosixteenhoursaday.
Ignorantoftherealcausesthatbroughtthemsuchdisaster,workersinvariousplacesattributedtheirmiseriesandgrowingpovertytotheintroductionofthenewmachines.Hencetherebrokeoutamachine-breakingmovement,calledtheLudditemovement.
Thentheseimpactedwriterswhowerelivinginthisage,theywereinclinedtoconveytheirownfeelingsbywritinganddidnotcompliedwiththeexistingrulesandregulations.Inthisway,consequentlyreomanticliteraturewereproducedinBritain.
2.2IntellectualBackground
Theshiftinliteraturefromemphasisonreasontoinstinctandemotionwasintellectuallypreparedbyanumberofthinkersinthelater18thcentury.
Rousseau(1712-1778),theFrenchphilosopher,isgenerallyregardedasthefatherofromanticism.Herejectstheworshipofreason.Reason,hemaintains,hasitsuse,butitisnotthewholeanswer.Hepreachesthatcivilizedmenshould"returntonature",toaprimitivestateoflife.TheNewHeloiseandEmilesowedtheseedsofromanticism.
AnotherthinkerwhocontributedtothisshiftfromemphasisonreasontoinstinctandemotionwasEdmundBurke(1729-1797).Heclaimsthatnoonehastherighttodestroytheinstitutionsandtraditionsthathavebeenpasseddowntohimthroughgenerationsandtodestroythemistodestroycivilizationitself.Helinksthesublimeandthebeautifultohumanemotionsandphysicalsensesaswellasimagination,thuselevatingthefunctionofinstinctsandemotions.
3LiteraryFeatures
3.1WorshipofNature
Writersinthisperiodareworshippersofnature,especiallythesublimeaspectofanaturescene.Romanticpoetsreadinnaturesomemysteriousforce.Sometreatnatureasalivingentitythatsharesthepoet'sfeelings.SomeevenregardnatureastherevelationofGod.
3.2Singularity
Atthattime,romanticwritershaveastronglovefortheremote,theunusual,thestrange,thesupernatural,themysteriousthesplendid,thepicturesque,andtheillogical.Allthesequalitiesarethosethattheneo-classicwriterstriedtoavoid.
3.3Spontaneity
Wordsworthdefinespoetryas"thespontaneousoverflowoffeelings".Thisemphasisonspontaneityisopposedtothe"rules"and"regulations"imposedonthepoetsbyneo-classicwriters.Romanticismisanassertionofindependence,adeparturefromtheneo-classicrules.Aworkofartmustbeoriginal.Theroleofinstinct,intuition,andthefeelingsof"theheart"isstressedinsteadofneo-classicists'emphasison"thehead",onregularity,uniformity,decorum,andimitationoftheclassicwriters.
3.4Subjectivism
Insteadofregardingpoetryas"amirrortonature",thesourseofwhichisintheouterworld,romanticwritersdescribepoetryas"thespontaneousoverflowoffeelings"whichexpressthewriter'smind.Theinterestoftheromanticwritersisnotintheobjectiveorintheactionofmen,butinthefeelings,thoughtsandexperiencesofthewritersthemselves.Eventhedescriptionofnaturalandhumanobjectsismodifiedbythewriter'sfeelings.Inshort,romanticismisrelatedtosubjectivism,whereasneo-classicismisrelatedtoobjectivism.ThepeotyoftheRomanticAgeinBritainisdistinctiveforitshighdegreeofimagilation.
3.5Simplicity
Romanticwriterstakeusingeverydaylanguagespokenbytherusticpeopleasopposedtothepoeticdictionusedbyneo-classicwriters.UndertheinfluenceoftheAmericanandFrenchrevolutions,therewasagrowthofdemocraticfeelings,andanincreasingbeliefthateveryhumanbeingisworthbeingpraised.Hencetherewasarevivaloffolkliterature,arealawakeningofinterestinthelifeofthecommonpeople,asenseofuniversalbrotherhood,andagrowingsympathyforthesufferingofthepeople.Theromanticmovementischaracterizedbyahumanitarianidealism.Manywritershadavisionofthebrotherhoodofmankind,universalsharing,andtheultimatefreedomofhumanspirits.
4Twoperiodsofdevelopment
4.1Pre-RomanticPeriod(1764-1798)
Inthe1760s,IndustrialRevolutioninBritainbegan.IthadaprofoundinfluenceonBritisheconomyandsociety.Economically,Britaingainedprosperousgrowing,buildinglotsofindustriesandgettingrawmaterialsfromallovertheworld.Politically,Britishcarriedalargerangeofcolonialexpansion,andthroughouttheworldbuiltalargenumberofcolonies.
Withthesocialandeconomicchangesnewideaswerebeingformed.Oneideawastheyearningforthepast.Thepresentagewasfoundtobeoneofdryreasoning.Peopleturnedtofindthecontentmentsonecessarytothecravingsofitsemotionalnature.Anotherwasthatpeoplebegantoreassertfeelingsassomethingtobeencouraged.Peoplefoundthatmanhadfeelingsaswellaspowersofobservationandthought.Nowawakenedfeelingsledmantoareassertionofthedignity,theworth,theimportanceandtherightoftheindividual.
Itwasunderthisintellectualatmospherethatromanticliteraturecameintoexistence.TherewereexperimentersbeforetheRomanticMovementburstintofullexpressioninthelate18thcentury.ThewriterswhoweretransitionaltoRomanticismareTomasGray,RobertBurnsandWillianBlake.Pre-RomanticliteraturelaidafoundationforliteratureintheRomanticAge.
4.2TheRomanticAge(1798-1837)
ThepublicationofLyricalBalladsbyWordsworthandColeridgein1798marksthebeginningoftheromanticliterature.Inthisage,romanticismhasbeenfurtherdeveloped.Romanticistsexpressedtheideologyandsentimentofthoseclassesandsocialstratathatwerediscontentwithandopposedtothedevelopmentofcapitalism.Theysplitintotwogroupsbecauseofthedifferentattitudestowardthecapitalistsociety.
Someromanticwritersreflectedthethinkingofthoseclasseswhichhadbeenruinedbythebourgeoisie.TheyturnedtothefeudalpastandidealizedthelifeoftheMiddleAgestoprotestagainstcapitalistdevelopment.Therefore,theystoodonthesideofthefeudalforcesandevencombinedthemselveswiththoseforces.TheseromanticpoetsarecalledPassiveRomanticpoetsrepresentedbyWordsworth,ColeridgeandSouthey.Thethreepoetswerealsocalled"Lakepoet".Othersexpressedtheaspirationofthelaboringclasses.Theyheldoutanidealoffutureso
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