研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版.docx
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研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版.docx
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研究生英语阅读教程基础级2版
READINGSELECTIONA
TheFunctionsandEffectsofMusic
BySamuelL.Becker
function(s):
(1)vt.;
(2)n.功能、功效
Givenname;sir-name/Christianname/Familyname/lastname
effect->effective<->efficient->efficiency(n.)
[1]Youarewellawareof(=realize)thefactthatbooks,newspapers,magazines,motionpictures(film/movie),radio,andtelevisionhavebeenusedfor(dissuade<->persuade)persuasivepurposes:
tosellbeerandsoap(~watch),ideasandpoliticalcandidates;tobringabout(cause/leadto)socialchangeortoquell(=suppress)arevolution.Fewofusthinkaboutmusicorrecordingsbeingusedforthesepurposes,buttheyareandhavebeenforalongtime.
[2]Everywarhashaditssongsthatwhippedup(arouse)patrioticfervor(=enthusiasm)or,inthecase(example)oftheVietnamWar,thatencouragedprotestagainstit.Sometitles(names)ofrecordspopularinthiscountry(theUSA)duringWorldWarIIsuggest(show)theextent(degree)ofthemobilizationoftherecordingindustryforthewareffort(n.):
"RememberPearlHarbor","HavetoSlapThatDirtyLittleJap","There'saStarSpangledBannerWavingSomewhere","AnyBondsToday",and"'Roundand'RoundHitler'sGrave".
[Bonds:
[C]bond(betweenAandB)somethingthatformsaconnectionbetweenpeopleorgroups,suchasafeelingoffriendshiporsharedideasandexperiences:
e.g.Abondoffriendshiphadbeenforgedbetweenthem.E.g.Theagreementstrengthenedthebondsbetweenthetwocountries.E.g.thespecialbondbetweenmotherandchild]
[3]Theanti-Vietnamprotestsofthesixtiesandearlyseventiesbroughtforth(=broughtabout)quiteanotherkindofsong.Onewas"BigMuddy",aboutagroupofsoldiersblindlyfollowingtheircommandingofficerintoariverwheremanyweredrowned.Those(=thosepeople)whosangandheardthesongknewthatthe"BigMuddy"referredtoVietnamandthecommandertoPresidentLyndonJohnson,andtheirantiwarpassionswereintensified(=strengthened)."WhereHaveAlltheFlowersGone","TheTimes,TheyareA-Changin'",and"GivePeaceaChance"wereotherpopularsongswhoserecordingswerewidelyplayedandusedtobuild(arouse)resistancetothewar.
[4]Musicisusednotonlytoadd(increase)persuasivebitsofinformationforthemessages(belief)inourheadsaboutwar.Persuasivemusicplaysanimportantrole(part)inpeacetimealso(too)."WeShallOvercome"wasatremendously(great)importantforceinthecivilrightsmovement,justasthefolk(=people)songsofJoanBaez,PeteSeeger,andWoodyGuthriehavebeenimportanttothepeacemovement.Inrecenttimes,musichasbeenusedtoraisemoneyaswellas(=and)consciousness(conscience)forvariouscauses(vt./n.事业).TheLiveAid(help),FarmAid,BandAid,andUSAforAfricaconcerns(worries/relief)andrecordingsessions(=concerts)raisedfunds[
(1)n.资金;
(2)vt.资助]forsuchcausesasfaminerelief(relieve)inAfricaanddestitute(poor)Americanfarmers.
[5]Somewhat(=alittle/<->somehow=forreasonsunknown)furtherbackinthiscountry'shistory,theradicalleftadopted(used/madeuseof)manyoldNegrospirituals(songs)tocommunicateitsmessage(thought)effectively."WeShallNotBeMoved",forexample,wasadopted(~child)astheofficialsongoftheradicalSouthernTenantFarmersUnioninthe1930s.Inthe1930salso,"Gimme(Gee,Wow)ThatOldTimeReligion"wastransformed(turned)into"GimmeThatNewCommunistSpirit".Thatsort(kind)ofadaptationofsongs—givingthemnewlyrics(words)--hasbeenafavoritetactic(strategy)ofmanygroupswhowanttousemusicforpersuasivepurposes.Theidea(belief)istotakeasongthatpeoplelikeorthathasparticularmeaning(significance)oremotionalassociationforthemanduseitwithnewwords,hopingthatsomeoftheliking(favor),meaning,oremotionalassociationswilltransfertothenewideasbeingcommunicated.Anditoftenworks.
Threats(->threaten)ofCensorship
[6]Suchpoliticalusesofmusichavenevercausedmuchcontroversy(->controversial)inthiscountry(theUSA).Therehasbeensomepressureattimes(often)tokeepcertainanti-warsongsorsongsassociatedwiththeradicalleftofftheair,butthispressurehasbeenneitherstrongnorpersistent.Farmorepressureandcontroversy(resistance)hasbeenarousedbythelyricsofsomeofthepopularsongsofthelasttwentyorthirtyyears.Manycriticshavecharged(beinchargeofsth.)thatcertainrock-and-rollsongsencouragesexualpromiscuityandtheuseofdrugs.[dragking堕落之王]Rightly(just)orwrongly,thedressandantics(unusualbehavior)ofsomeoftherockmusicstars,bothonandoffthestage,reinforce(confirm)thesebeliefs.Asaresult,anumberofcommunityandnationalgroupshaveappliedpressureonstationstokeepthesesongsandperformersofftheair.ThesechargesalsostimulatedinvestigationsbytheFederalCommunicationsCommission(->committee;SingaporeHighTradeCommission),theregulatoryagencychargedwithoverseeing(supervising)broadcastpractices(经营行为).TheFCChastakentheposition,unpopularwithmanybroadcasters,thatthestationlicenseehasthesamepublicserviceresponsibilityinselectingandrejectingmusictobeplayedonthestationasithasinselectingandrejectinganyothercontentofthestation.TheFCCposition(=attitude)isthatthestationshouldexercise(vt.)thesame(supervise->)supervisionofwhatissungonthestationasofwhatissaid.Inageneralsense(=generallyspeaking),thisisareasonablepositionandtheonlyonetheFCCcouldtake,given(=ifconsiderationisgiventothefactthat…就…而言)presentlaw.Aproblemarises(occurs)withtheinterpretation(explanation)ofthisinjunction(law),however.Doesit(law)meanastationshouldpermitnolanguageorideasinasongthatitwouldnotpermitonthenewsorinasportsprogram?
Ordoesitmeanthestationshouldrecognize(realize)thatdifferentformsofcommunicationorentertainment,orprogramsdesignedfordifferentkindsofaudiences,shouldhavedifferentstandardsconcerning(about)languageandideas?
Thisissue(problem)isstillfarfrom(being)settled.
[7]Havingbeenlargelyunsuccessfulinkeepingsexuallysuggestivesongsorsongsthatseemtobepromotingdruguseofftheair,someparents'groupsinrecentyearshavebeenattempting(trying)toforce(make)companiestolabeltheirrecordingsinthesamewayfilmcompaniesnowlabelmotionpictures.The(assume->)assumption(belief)isthatsuchlabelswillprovideparentswithinformationtheyneedtocontrolthekindsofmusictowhichtheiryoungchildrenareexposed(beexposedtosth.).Oneofthemajorpressuregroupsinvolvedinthisattempt(try)istheParentsMusicResourceCenterbasedinWashington,D.C.Theleadersinthisgroupincludethewivesofsomepowerfulcongressmenandothergovernmentofficials,soitistakenseriouslybyleadersinthemusicindustry.Theconcern(worry)ofmanypeopleinthemusicbusiness,though(however),isthatthelabelingbeingadvocatedcouldbejustafirststeptowardotherformsofcontrolorcensorship.
takesth.seriously(adv.)<->takeiteasy(adj.)
TheImpact(influence)ofRecordingsonOurPerceptions(perceive/understanding)
[8]Whateverthedirecteffectsofmusicalrecordingsonourattitudesandbehaviors(are),theyarecertainlyanever-present(=everlasting)andimportantpartofourcommunicationenvironment,andtheycontributetotherealitiesinourheads.Noonewholistenedtopopularmusicduringthe1980scouldescape(=avoid;canhelpfromthinking)theperception(understanding)thatdrugswereamajorfactorinthelivesofmanypeople.Popularmusicoftheearly1970scontributedto(ledto)thebeliefthatmostpeopleopposedthewarinVietnam.Thesemessages,sneakingintoconsciousnessfromthebackgroundmusicaroundus,formedanimportantpartofourcommunicationmosaics,justasthemessagesintoday'smusicformanimportantpartofourpresentcommunicationmosaics.
TheRoleofMusicinIdentificationandRebellion
(IDcard:
IdentityCard;studentID学生证)
[9]Popularmusichastwoothermajorfunctionsoreffects.Itprovideseachgenerationofyoungpeopleacommonandcherished(valued)experience.Yearslater,thesoundofthatmusiccanbringstrangerstogetherandstimulate(aroused)memoriesofthatearlierera(time).Vivid(evident->)evidenceofthemeaningfulnessofsuchexperiencescanbeseenbywatchingthetouristswhoareattractedtoGraceland,ElvisPresley'sformerhomeandnowthesiteofhisgraveinMemphis.Acommonsightthereisthemiddle-agedmarriedcouplebringingtheirchildrentoseeand,theyhope,tofeelsomeofthespecialmagicPresleycreatedforthemduringtheircourtshipandearlymarriedyears.
[10]Anothermajorfunctionpopularmusicservesisthe(provide->)provisionofarelativelyharmlesssource(tool/means/measure)ofrebellionfortheyoung.Eachgenerationofyounghasitsownmusic,almost[vary:
(vi.)-variable(a.)->variable->]invariably(=always)unappreciated(unenjoyed)byparents,justasparents'favoritemusicwasunappreciatedbytheirparents(grandparents).Thismusicisimportantinpart(=partially)becauseolderpeopledonotlikeit,andinpartbecausedemonstrating(showing)one'sloveofitispartoftheritual(ceremony)ofaffiliation(connection)withpeers(colleague同行/同类/college).
[11]Oneauthorhassuggested(said)thatpopularmusicalsoserves(functionsas)a"riteofpassage"functionforyounggirls.Theteenage(younggirls)singing(worshipping)idolsmayserveasnon-threateningsubstitutesforactualboysuntilboys'maturationcatchesupwiththat(maturation)ofgirlsandsomesemblance(sth.Like/sth.similar)ofeasy(natural/comfortable)boy-girlrelationsh
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