高考英语精选考点专项突破22 阅读理解环境保护类.docx
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高考英语精选考点专项突破22 阅读理解环境保护类.docx
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高考英语精选考点专项突破22阅读理解环境保护类
专题22阅读理解(环境保护类)
1.C【2019·浙江卷】
Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).
Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.
Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMclntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源).
ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2010,Mclntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.
Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪).
Sincethe1930s,Mclntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.
27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?
A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.
B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.
C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.
D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.
28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?
A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests.
B.Banningwoodcutting.
C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.
D.Firecontrolmeasures.
29.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMclntyre?
A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.
C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.
30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?
A.California'sForests:
WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?
B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoon
C.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?
D.PatrickMclntyre:
GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia
【答案】27.A28.D29.C30.A
【解析】文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林面临着的巨大危机,大型树木在急剧减少,作者阐述了现象,并分析了其原因。
27.A段落主旨题。
根据文章第二段第三句Thenumberoftrees…declinedby50percent…morethan55percent…75percent等数字可知,该段主要讲述了加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性,故选A项。
28.D推理判断题。
根据第三段第三句Aggressivewildfirecontrol…competewith…resources可知,由于激进的森林防火措施,虽然一定程度上保护了森林,但同时也导致小树泛滥,与大树争抢资源,从而导致大树数量骤减,所以选D项。
29.C细节理解题。
根据最后一段Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid…havebeenrisingtemperatures…reducesthewater…可知,水资源短缺的一个主因是逐渐上升的气候温度,故选C项。
30.A主旨大意题。
根据全文可知,主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象,并分析了原因。
由此A项能很好地概括全文。
2.D【2019·北京】
Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarmingclimate,accordingtoanewstudy.
Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms(海洋微生物)calledphytoplankton.Becauseofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Oceancolourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewillfuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean'sappearance.
Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.
StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterforGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthatprojectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiplechangestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.“Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplanktonintheoceanchanging.”shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.”
42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?
A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.
B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.
C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.
D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.
43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?
A.Sensitive.B.BeneficialC.SignificantD.Unnoticeable
44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?
A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.
B.Dutkiewicz'smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges
C.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate
D.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.
45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?
A.Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges
B.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain
C.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans
D.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton
【答案】42.B43.A44.D45.C
【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。
主要介绍了由于气候变暖导致海洋微生物发生变化,进而导致海洋颜色的变化。
42.B主旨大意题。
第一段的主要讲的是:
根据一项新的研究,由于气候变暖,到本世纪末界上的海洋将会更蓝更绿;第二段主要介绍了海洋的颜色取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。
因为气候变化将促进某些地区浮游植物的生长,同时也会减少其他地区浮游植物的数量,从而导致海洋外观的变化。
因此文章前两段的主要讲的是“海洋颜色变化的原因”。
故选B。
43.A猜测词义题。
根据第三段最后一句可知:
气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征,并会影响浮游植物的生长,因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳来生长,还需要营养物质。
因此,此处的“vulnerable”是“易受影响的”意思,即sensitive。
significant重大的,有意义的;beneficial有益的;unnoticeable不明显的。
故选A。
44.D推理判断题。
从文章第四段中的“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittlephytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmakeconditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener.”可知,“有更多浮游植物的海洋看起来更绿。
”故选D。
45.C主旨大意题。
根据整篇文章的内容来看,主要解释气候变化会导致海洋颜色的改变,而这种改变主要是因为浮游植物数量的变化,因此本文的主要目的是“解释气候变化对海洋的影响”。
故选C。
3.C【2019·天津】
Howdoesanecosystem(生态系统)work?
Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaytheyare?
Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?
Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.
Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,forinstance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator(掠食动物)alwayseatshugenumbersofasingleprey(猎物),thetwospeciesarestronglylinked;whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,theyareweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableoverthelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction(灭绝)ofoneofthem.Andifapredatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallowstheoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.
Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofafoodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies---includingspeciestheydidnotdirectlyattack.
Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Intheocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuchaswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.
Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtelluswhentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopullanecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtippingpoint(临界点),itisremarkablydifficultforthemtoreturn.
46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?
A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.
B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.
C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.
D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.
47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator______
A.hasawidefoodchoice
B.caneasilyfindnewprey
C.stickstoonepreyspecies
D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace
48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?
A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.
B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.
C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.
D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.
49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?
A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.
B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.
C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.
D.Industrialactivitieshelpk
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