美国文学选读期末复习资料.docx

美国文学选读期末复习资料.docx

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美国文学选读期末复习资料

美国文学选读期末复习资料

TheColonialPeriodorTheEnlightenmentandRevolutionPeriod

AmericanPuritanism（roughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th）

一、BenjaminFranklin本杰明·富兰克林

作品：

1、PoorRichard'sAlmanac《格言历书》---ACollectionofmaxims,orproverbs,onthe

valueofworkandsavingsforsuccess.

2、TheAutobiography《自传》---“美国梦”的根源

3、参与起草《独立宣言》

AmericanRomanticism

TheRomanticPeriodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturytotheoutbreakoftheCivilWar.ItisaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature.

浪漫主义两大主题：

爱和大自然的力量

ThesocialandculturalbackgroundofRomanticism：

---TheyoungRepublicwasflourishingintoapolitically,economicallyandculturallyindependentcountry.

---TheRomanticwritingsrevealeduniquecharacteristicsoftheirownintheirworksandtheygrewonthenativelands.

---ThedesireforanescapefromsocietyandareturntonaturebecameapermanentconventionofAmericanliterature.

---TheAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritageexertedgreatinfluencesoverAmericanmoralvalues.

Romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:

moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasasourceofcorruption.

2、EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·爱伦·坡---poet,shortstorywriterandliterarycritic（48poems,70shortstories）

Hegreatlyinfluencedthedevoteesof“Artforart’ssake.”

Hewasfatherofpsychoanalyticcriticism（心理分析批评）,andthedetectivestory.

诗歌的精髓就是追求美

小说的主题常常是恐怖和死亡，其中还运用了象征手法。

ThePoeticPrinciple:

1.Thepoem,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting;

2.Beauty（therhythmicalcreationofbeauty）;

3.Melancholy忧伤（especiallythedeathofabeautifulwoman）.

代表作：

TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍大厦的倒塌》

Ligeia《莉盖亚》

AnnabelLee《安娜贝尔·李》

TheRaven《乌鸦》

TheCaskofAmontillado《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》---gothicnovel人物：

蒙特利瑟Montresor,弗图纳多Fortunato，筵席上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活埋的故事。

三、RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生---ThechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism（超验主义）

Hewasadescendent（后裔）ofalonglineofNewEnglandclergymen（牧师）.

散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。

AmericanTranscendentalism

Asaphilosophicalandliterarymovement,AmericanTranscendentalism（alsoknownas“AmericanRenaissance”）flourshedinNewEnglandfromthe1830stotheCivilWar.ItisthehightideofAmericanromanticismanditsdoctrinesfoundtheirgreatestliteraryadvocatesinEmersonandThoreau.TranscendentalistsspokefortheculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericansociety.

ThemajorfeaturesofTranscendentalism:

①TheTranscendentalistsplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.思想超灵宇宙

②TheTranscendentalistsstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualisthemostimportantelementofSociety.个体+社会

③TheTranscendentalistsofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewasnotpurelymatter.Itwasalive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.自然+上帝

代表作：

Nature《论自然》---theBibleofTranscendentalismbyEmerson；

Self-Reliance《论自助》---是表达他的超验主义观点的最重要作品之一

TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》；

TheOver-soul《论超灵》

四、NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑---effectedby超验主义

HewasbornintoaprominentPuritanfamily.

Oneofthemostambivalent（矛盾的）writersintheAmericanliteraryhistory.

主要成就：

美国心理分析小说的开创者

浪漫主义小说家

心理小说家

代表作：

MossesfromanOldManse《古宅青苔》;

Twice-ToldTales《故事重述》;

TheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》;

TheHouseoftheSevenGables《带有七个尖角阁的房子》

TheScarletLetter《红字》

ManyofhisearlierstorieshadtreatedthemesthatledtoTheScarletLetter.Puritanseveritytowardsexandmatrimonyanditstendencytosuppressbrightcolorandtruefeelings.

TheScarletLetter《红字》：

HesterPrynne---strong-willed,impetuous,akingofcompassionate,maternalfigure;

Pearl---innocent,perceptive;

RogerChillingworth---amandeficientinhumanwarmth,trueevilinthestory;

ArthurDimmesdale---intelligentandemotional.

Symbolisminhisworks

Hawthorneisamasterofsymbolism,whichhetookfromthePuritantradition清教徒传统andbequeathedtoAmericanliteratureinarevivifiedform.Inhismasterpiece,byusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.WiththescarletAasthebiggestsymbolofall,whichisambiguous,heproveshimselftobeoneofthebestsymbolists.

5、HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔

Theearlysailingexperienceswererewarding.

代表作：

WhiteJacket《白外衣》

BillyBudd《毕利·伯德》,

Typee《泰比》,

Omoo《欧穆》,

Mardi《玛地》.

MobyDick1851《白鲸》---百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗（《熊》福克纳、《老人与海》海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔）

MobyDickrepresentsthesumtotalofMelville’sbleakviewoftheworldinwhichhelived.ItisatonceGodlessandpurposeless.Maninthisuniverselivesameaninglessandfutilelife,meaninglessbecausefutile.Onceheattemptstoseekpoweroveritheisdoomed.TheideathatmancanmaketheworldforhimselfisnothingbutaTranscendentalistfolly.MobyDickthusrevealsthebasicpatternof19thcenturyAmericanlife:

lonelinessandsuicidalindividualisminaself-styleddemocracy.（anegativereflectionuponTranscendentalism）

SymbolisminMobyDick：

---ItisregardedasthefirstAmericanproseepic.Itisnotmerelyawhalingtaleorseaadventure,consideringthatMelvilleisagreatsymbolist.Itturnsouttobeasymbolicvoyageofthemindinquestofthetruth寻找真理andknowledgeoftheuniverse,aspiritualexplorationintoman’sdeeprealityandpsychology.

---Differentpeopleonboardtheshiparerepresentationsofdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups;factsbecomesymbolsandincidentsacquireuniversalmeanings;thePequodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,foritiscomplex,unfathomable难以理解的,malignant恶性的,andbeautifulaswell.

MobyDick相关人名、地名

人名：

IshmaelAhabQueequegMobyDick

地名：

PequodJeroboam（wheretheymeetGabriel,aprophet.

SamuelEnderby（whosecaptainisBoomer）

TheRachelTheDelight

6、HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗

Asayoungman,Thoreautookamorethanusualinterestinthenaturalworld.LikeEmerson,butmorethanhim,hesawnatureasagenuinerestorative,healthyinfluenceonman’sspiritualwell-being,andregardeditasasymbolofspirit.

Thoreauwasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.Itwas,inhisopinion,degradingandenslavingman.

新英格兰超验主义的重要作家，最有代表性的两件事情就是在瓦尔登湖畔度过的两年和在监狱度过的一夜。

代表作：

OntheDutyofCivilDisobedience《论公民的不服从》

Walden《瓦尔登湖》---notonlyfullydemonstratesEmersonianideasofself-reliancebutalsodevelopsandtestsThoreau’sowntranscendentalphilosophy.

7、HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗

FeaturesofLongfellow’spoeticworks

---Chiefromantictendenciesashumanitarianattitude,loveofnatureandloveofbeauty.

---ThefirstAmericanpoettowritenarrativepoems.

---Generallysimpleideasexpressedmusicallyandpowerfully.Aboveall,thereisajoyousnessinthem,aspiritofoptimismandfaithinthegoodnessoflifewhichevokesimmediateresponseintheemotionsofhisreaders.

---Simplicityanddetachmentfromthedeepproblemsofcontemporarylife.

19世纪美国最伟大的浪漫主义诗人之一。

传统派，励志型。

诗集：

《夜吟》VoicesoftheNight

《歌谣及其他》BalladsandOtherPoems

《伊凡杰琳》Evangeline

《海依华沙之歌》TheSongofHiawatha

诗歌：

《我射出一支箭······》IShotanArrow...

APsalmofLife《生命颂/人生颂》---第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌

8、WaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼

美国著名诗人、人文主义者，他创造了诗歌的自由体（FreeVerse---withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.），ThefirsteditionofLeavesofGrass《草叶集》waspublishedin1855.

Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andaboveall,individualismareallthatconcernedhim.

WritingfeaturesofWhitman

---Asingerfortheidealsofequality,democracyandhumandignity.

---Songsforhimself,forthelabourofcommonAmericanpeople,naturalcreation,theindependenceofthecountry,loveandfriendship,andforthememorizingofPresidentLincoln.

---Freeverse,rhythmicalunit,phoneticrecurrence.

诗歌：

《我歌唱自我》One'sSelfISing

《噢，船长！

我的船长！

》OCaptain!

MyCaptain!

九、EmilyDickinson（19世纪唯一出名的女作家）---IDiedforBeauty,becauseIcouldnotstopforDeath.

美国女诗人，狄金森一生都没有离开过自己的家乡，对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌，她的诗歌预示了20世纪诗歌的诞生。

宅女，想象力，诗歌（死亡、爱情、失败、无标点）

Whitman:

society

Dickinson:

innerlifeoftheindividual

Mostofherpoemsareaboutdeathandimmortality.Natureistoherbothbenevolentandcruel.

EmilywasanenergeticandoutgoingwomanwhileattendingtheAcademyandSeminary.

Mostofherpoemsareaboutlifeandnature.Theyareshort;manyofthemarebasedonasingleimageorsymbol.

作品：

《要描绘一片草原······》ToMakeaPrairie

《最美妙的胜利感觉》SuccessIsCountedSweetest

《我是无名之辈》I'mNobody!

TheAgeofRealism

Thewarledmanytoquestiontheassumptionssharedbythetranscendentalists----naturalgoodness,theoptimisticviewofnatureandman,benevolentGod.Ittaughtmenthatlifewasnotgood,manwasnotandGodwasnot.

Asaliterarymovement,theAgeofRealismcameintoexistenceafterRomanticismwiththeCivilWarItwasareactionagainst“thelie”ofRomanticismandsentimentalism,andpavedthewaytoModernism.

Thisliteraryinterestintheso-called“reality”oflifestartedanewperiodintheAmericanliterarywritingknownasTheAgeofRealism.

Thethreedominantfiguresoftheperiod:

WilliamDeanHowells,MarkTwain,HenryJames

JameswrotemostlyoftheupperreachesofAmericansociety.

Howellsconcernedhimselfchieflywithmiddleclasslife.

Twaindealtlargelywiththelowerstrataofsociety.

MarkTwainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe“life”ofthe